| 膜下滴灌氮肥分期追施量对玉米氮效率及土壤氮素平衡的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 张鹏飞,张翼飞,王玉凤,张文超,陈天宇,庞晨,吴琼,王怀鹏,武鹏,尹雪巍,杨丽,唐春双,杨克军. 膜下滴灌氮肥分期追施量对玉米氮效率及土壤氮素平衡的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(4): 915-926. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18013 |
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| 作者姓名： | 张鹏飞 张翼飞 王玉凤 张文超 陈天宇 庞晨 吴琼 王怀鹏 武鹏 尹雪巍 杨丽 唐春双 杨克军 |
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| 作者单位： | 黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院/黑龙江省现代农业栽培技术与作物种质改良重点实验室，黑龙江大庆 163319 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家科技支撑计划课题（2015BAD23B05-04，2013BAD07B01-07）；黑龙江省农垦总局科技计划项目（HNK135-02-03）；高校学成引进人才科研启动计划课题（XYB2014-03）；黑龙江八一农垦大学校级博士启动基金（校启DB2011-16）；黑龙江八一农垦大学研究生创新项目（YJSCX2017-Y05）资助。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】探讨膜下滴灌栽培模式下氮肥分期追施量对玉米产量、氮素吸收积累与分配、氮素在土壤中的残留特征、土壤–作物系统的氮素平衡以及氮肥利用效率的影响，为松嫩平原半干旱区精准、高效地实施玉米膜下滴灌施肥管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2015年和2016年，以玉米为供试作物，进行了大垄双行膜下滴灌田间试验。设置3个氮肥追施水平为90、120和150 kg/hm2，分别以T90、T120、T150表示，在叶龄指数为30% (拔节期)、60% (大喇叭口期) 和100% (吐丝期) 时追施。追施氮肥在三个时期的分配比例设为5∶5∶0 (A1)、3.3∶3.3∶3.3 (A2)、4∶5∶1 (A3)、3∶5∶2 (A4)、2∶5∶3 (A5)，设置不施氮肥为对照 (CK)。调查分析了玉米产量、氮素吸收积累与分配、土壤中0—100 cm无机氮含量，计算了土壤–作物系统的氮素平衡以及氮肥利用效率。【结果】2015年、2016年两年试验结果表明，两年不同处理产量较对照增幅分别为13.88%～75.72%、13.73%～88.50%，其中T120A4处理玉米籽粒产量增幅最为明显，两年不同处理产量分别为11643、12952 kg/hm2，显著高于其它处理。同时其可有效调控玉米植株的氮素吸收积累与分配，使玉米营养器官氮素积累量在拔节后45、60、75天较其他处理分别增加3.23～50.49、4.61～40.70、2.65～25.48 kg/hm2，籽粒氮素积累量在拔节后75天较其他处理显著提高8.51%～74.90%。土壤-作物系统氮素平衡方面，T120A4处理植株氮素积累量显著高于其他处理5.58%～65.01%，玉米农田中0—100 cm土层无机氮残留总量为123.75 kg/hm2，0—60 cm土层无机氮残留比例为78.33%，均处中等水平，同时T120A4处理土壤-作物系统中的氮素盈余量与损失量分别为9.94、133.70 kg/hm2，均处最低水平，有效降低了氮素淋失的风险。T120A4处理氮肥偏生产力、农学利用率、表观利用率较其他处理增幅分别为8.66～31.53 kg/kg、11.76～26.28 kg/kg、3.54%～52.89%，且其氮素土壤依存率低于其他处理1.70%～32.64%，显著提高了玉米植株吸收来自肥料氮的比例。【结论】综合考虑玉米籽粒产量、氮素平衡和玉米氮素吸收与利用效率，在本试验条件下追施氮肥120 kg/hm2，在30%、60%、100%叶龄指数时期追氮量分配比例3∶5∶2是最佳的氮肥分期追施方式。
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| 关 键 词： | 滴灌 玉米 氮肥追施 产量 氮素利用效率 氮素平衡 |
| 收稿时间： | 2018-01-09 |
Effects of nitrogen topdressing amount at various stages on nitrogen efficiency of maize and soil nitrogen balance under mulched drip irrigation |
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| ZHANG Peng-fei,ZHANG Yi-fei,WANG Yu-feng,ZHANG Wen-chao,CHEN Tian-yu,PANG Chen,WU Qiong,WANG Huai-peng,WU Peng,YIN Xue-wei,YANG Li,TANG Chun-shuang,YANG Ke-jun. Effects of nitrogen topdressing amount at various stages on nitrogen efficiency of maize and soil nitrogen balance under mulched drip irrigation[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2018, 24(4): 915-926. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18013 |
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| Authors: | ZHANG Peng-fei ZHANG Yi-fei WANG Yu-feng ZHANG Wen-chao CHEN Tian-yu PANG Chen WU Qiong WANG Huai-peng WU Peng YIN Xue-wei YANG Li TANG Chun-shuang YANG Ke-jun |
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| Affiliation: | College of Agronmy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University/Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】Effects of nitrogen topdressing amount at various stages on maize yield, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, residual characteristics of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen balance in soil-crop system and nitrogen use efficiency under mulched drip irrigation were studied to provide accurate and efficient implementation of maize mulched drip irrigation fertilization management in the semiarid region of Songnen Plain.【Methods】In 2015 and 2016, with maize as a test crop, field trials with large ridge and double row under mulched drip irrigation were conducted. There were three topdressing levels of nitrogen fertilizer, 90(T90), 120(T120) and 150(T150) kg/hm2. Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied at leaf age index 30% (V6), 60 % (V12) and 100% (R1). The five distribution ratios for topdressing nitrogen fertilizers at the three stages were set as: 5∶5∶0(A1), 3.3∶3.3∶3.3 (A2), 4∶5∶1(A3), 3∶5∶2 (A4) and 2∶5∶3 (A5). Meanwhile, no nitrogen fertilizer (CK) was set as comparison. Maize yield, nitrogen accumulation, distribution and inorganic nitrogen content in the 0–100 cm depth of soil were investigated and analyzed. The nitrogen balance of soil–crop system and nitrogen use efficiency were calculated.【Results】The two-year test results of 2015 and 2016 showed that the yields in the two years were increased by 13.88% to 75.72% and 13.73% to 88.50% compared with the CK. The increase in grain yield of the T120A4 treatment was the most obvious, and the two-year yields were 11643 kg/hm2 and 12952 kg/hm2, which were significantly higher than those of other treatments. At the same time, it could effectively regulate nitrogen absorption, accumulation and distribution of maize plants, so that the nitrogen accumulation amounts in maize vegetative organs were increased by 3.23 to 50.49 kg/hm2, 4.61 to 40.70 kg/hm2 and 2.65 to 25.48 kg/hm2 at 45, 60, and 75 days after the jointing compared with other treatments. Its grain nitrogen accumulation amounts were significantly increased by 8.51% to 74.90% at 75 days after the jointing compared with other treatments. In the nitrogen balance of soil-crop system, the nitrogen accumulation amounts in plants of the T120A4 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments (5.58%–65.01%). The total inorganic nitrogen residue in 0–100 cm soil layer of maize farmland was 123.75 kg/hm2 and the proportion of inorganic nitrogen in the 0–60 cm soil layer was 78.33%, both were at a moderate level. In the same time, the nitrogen surplus and loss in the soil–crop system under the T120A4 treatment were 9.94 kg/hm2 and 133.70 kg/hm2, all at the lowest level, which effectively reduced the risk of nitrogen leaching. The nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent utilization rate of the T120A4 treatment were increased by 8.66 to 31.53 kg/kg, 11.76 to 26.28 kg/kg and 3.54% to 52.89% compared with other treatments. In the interim, its soil dependent rates for nitrogen were 1.70% to 32.64% lower than those of other treatments. It could significantly increase the nitrogen proportion of maize plants absorbed from fertilizers.【Conclusions】In this experiment, the treatment of 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer was topdressed, and the ratio of topdressing nitrogen at 30%, 60% and 100% leaf age index was 3∶5∶2 was the best nitrogen fertilizer application practice by considering maize grain yield, nitrogen balance, nitrogen absorption and nitrogen utilization efficiency. |
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