| 苹果中4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露评估 |
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| 引用本文： | 叶孟亮,聂继云,徐国锋,闫 震,郑丽静. 苹果中4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(7): 1289-1302. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.007 |
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| 作者姓名： | 叶孟亮 聂继云 徐国锋 闫 震 郑丽静 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国农业科学院果树研究所/农业部果品质量安全风险评估实验室（兴城）/农业部果品及苗木质量监督检验测试中心（兴城），辽宁兴城125100 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家农产品质量安全风险评估计划（GJFP2015002，GJFP2016002）、中央级科研院所基本科研业务费专项（0032014013）、中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目（CAAS-ASTIP-RIP-07） |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】对国产苹果中多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、吡虫啉和灭幼脲4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露进行评估，明确并量化中国居民食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药膳食摄入风险水平，为苹果安全生产、消费及质量安全监管提供依据。【方法】基于渤海湾（辽宁、山东、河北）和西北黄土高原（陕西、山西、河南）两大苹果优势主产区采集的282份苹果样品，运用专业风险评估软件@Risk，尝试构建非参数概率评估模型，对中国居民食用苹果途径的农药膳食摄入（暴露）风险进行概率评估。首先对282份苹果样品中上述4种农药残留检测值进行分布拟合，拟合度运用Chi-Squared、Anderson-Darling、Kolmogorov-Smirnov 3种统计方法进行检验，综合考虑3种评估拟合结果，确定最佳拟合分布。STMR、HR取最佳分布拟合值，%ADI和%ARfD分别表示慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险。【结果】参试的282份苹果样品，255份（占90.4%）苹果样品中检出了农药残留。在检出的4种常用农药中，多菌灵的检出率最高，达到81.9%；其次为甲基硫菌灵和吡虫啉，分别为52.1%和39.0%；灭幼脲的检出率最低，仅为31.2%。绝大多数苹果样品中农药残留量处于较低水平，最大检出浓度为0.9251 mg·kg-1（多菌灵），但仍远低于最大残留限量值3.0 mg·kg-1。样品中4种常用农药残留量均值依次为多菌灵（0.1042 mg·kg-1）＞灭幼脲（0.0182 mg·kg-1）＞甲基硫菌灵（0.0082 mg·kg-1）＞吡虫啉（0.0050 mg·kg-1）。样品中4种常用农药残留量离散程度有异，变异系数分别达到232.8%（甲基硫菌灵）、214.8%（吡虫啉）、174.1%（灭幼脲）和136.4%（多菌灵）。282份苹果样品农药残留量分布规律较明显，随着农药残留浓度的升高，样品所占的比例均呈逐渐降低的趋势。27份（占9.6%）苹果样品中未检出上述4种常用农药，198份（占70.2%）苹果样品中检出2种及以上农药残留，19份（占6.7%）苹果样品甚至检出4种农药残留。不同年龄组人群食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）分别为0.2120%-35.1100%（多菌灵）、0.0051%-0.8240%（吡虫啉）、0.0049%-0.1710%（甲基硫菌灵）和0.0004%-0.0152%（灭幼脲）；急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）分别为0.1940%-16.0500%（多菌灵）和0.0122%-0.9400%（吡虫啉）。幼儿（2-6岁）和儿童（7-13岁）2个年龄组人群由于体重较轻，而苹果摄入量相对较高，膳食摄入风险明显高于其他年龄组人群，为重点监控对象。不同年龄组人群之间，随着年龄的增加，农药膳食摄入风险整体呈逐渐下降趋势；同一年龄组人群，选取的百分位点值越高，农药膳食摄入风险越大。【结论】中国苹果中多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、吡虫啉和灭幼脲这4种常用农药检出率较高，但所有样品农药残留量均低于最大残留限量。中国居民食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药慢性和急性膳食摄入风险均很低，幼儿和儿童2个年龄组人群膳食摄入风险明显高于其他年龄组人群，需重点关注。
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| 关 键 词： | 苹果 农药残留 膳食暴露 非参数概率评估模型 风险评估 |
| 收稿时间： | 2015-10-30 |
Residue and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Four Pesticides in Apple |
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| YE Meng-liang,NIE Ji-yun,XU Guo-feng,YAN Zhen,ZHENG Li-jing. Residue and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Four Pesticides in Apple[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(7): 1289-1302. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.07.007 |
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| Authors: | YE Meng-liang NIE Ji-yun XU Guo-feng YAN Zhen ZHENG Li-jing |
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| Affiliation: | Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit/ (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks, Ministry of Agriculture (Xingcheng), Xingcheng 125100, Liaoning |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】 The objectives of this study are to detect pesticide (carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, imidacloprid and chlorbenzuron) residues in apples from China and evaluate their dietary exposure, identify and quantify the risk levels of dietary intake of the 4 commonly used pesticides in China, and to provide evidence for safe production, consumption, and safety supervision of apple. 【Method】 Based on the 282 apple samples from two main apple producing areas, including the Bohai bay (Liaoning, Shandong and Hebei) and the Northwest loess plateau (Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan), professional risk assessment software @Risk was used to evaluate the dietary intake (exposure) risk of apple with the 4 pesticides by building a nonparametric probabilistic evaluation model. First, data on the 4 pesticides residual content in 282 apple samples were collected for distribution fitting, which were checked by three statistical test methods: the Chi-Squared test, the Anderson-Darling test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the optimum fitting distribution was selected from the results. The supervised trials median residue (STMR) and highest residue (HR) values were superseded by the values of optimum distribution fitting. %ADI and %ARfD indicate the chronic dietary intake risk and acute dietary intake risk, respectively. 【Result】 Of the 282 apple samples tested, 90.4% of apple samples (255) had detectable residues. Of the 4 common used pesticides, the detectable rate of carbendazim (CA) was 81.9%, which was the most frequently detectable pesticide, followed by thiophanate-methyl (TH) (52.1%), imidacloprid (IM) (39.0%), and chlorbenzuron (CH) (31.2%). The vast majority of samples pesticide residues were at lower levels, and the highest concentration was 0.9251 mg·kg-1 (CA), which was still lower than the MRL (3.0 mg·kg-1). The mean residual concentrations of the 4 pesticides in samples were in the following order: CA (0.1042 mg·kg-1) ＞CH (0.0182 mg·kg-1) ＞TH (0.0082 mg·kg-1) ＞IM (0.0050 mg·kg-1). There were differences in residual concentrations’ dispersion degree, and the variance coefficient was up to 136.4% (CA), 232.8% (TH), 214.8% (IM) and 174.1% (CH), respectively. The distribution law of the residual concentration of the 282 apple samples was obvious, the proportion of samples was reduced gradually in a trend with the increase of residual concentration. Twenty-seven samples (9.6% of all tested samples) were residue-free of the 4 pesticides, 198 samples (70.2%) had more than two residues, and 19 samples (6.7%) even had 4 kinds of pesticide residues. The chronic dietary intake risks for different age groups consuming apples with these 4 pesticides were 0.2120%-35.1100% (CA), 0.0051%-0.8240% (IM), 0.0049%-0.1710% (TH) and 0.0004%-0.0152% (CH), respectively. The acute dietary intake risks were 0.1940%-16.0500% (CA) and 0.0122%-0.9400% (IM), respectively. The infants (aged 2 to 6) and children (aged 7 to 13) were significantly higher than that of other groups, because of higher apple intake and lower body weight, so that they were the vital monitoring objects. The pesticide intake risks were declined gradually with the age growth, and the risks were higher with the larger percentile values selected.【Conclusion】CA, TH, IM and CH residues in Chinese apples had a relatively high detectable rate. Nevertheless, the residual concentrations of all the samples tested were under MRLs. Both chronic and acute dietary intake risks for the general population consuming apples with the selected 4 pesticides were low. The infants and children were significantly higher than that of other groups and should be paid more attention. |
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| Keywords: | apple pesticide residue dietary exposure nonparametric probabilistic evaluation model risk assessment |
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