| 不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,杨德龙. 不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(4): 661-671. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.04.04 |
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| 作者姓名： | 杨长刚 柴守玺 常磊 杨德龙 |
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| 作者单位： | 1甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，兰州 7300702甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，兰州 730070 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-2-49);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104);陇原青年创新人才扶持计划 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】研究黄土高原雨养条件下，不同地膜覆盖方式对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和休闲期土壤水分补给的影响，为促进增产和提高水分利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2008-2009和2009-2010年小麦生长季，设置全膜覆土穴播（A）、全膜覆盖穴播（B）、垄膜沟播（C）和露地条播（CK）4种不同栽培模式，测量不同处理的土壤贮水量、耗水量、产量和水分利用效率。【结果】全膜穴播可使冬小麦增产64.4%-79.1%，水分利用效率提高22.1%-24.0%，达到11.9-16.6 kg·hm-2·mm-1；全膜覆土穴播可增产43.4%-44.4%，水分利用效率提高8.8%-14.6%，达到11.0-14.8 kg·hm-2·mm-1；垄膜沟播可增产37.0%-39.3%，水分利用效率提高4.2%-4.4%，达到10.0-14.2 kg·hm-2·mm-1。主要原因是，地膜覆盖可增加冬小麦拔节前0-200 cm土层贮水量，提高拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例，促进生育期对土壤贮水的利用，同时干旱年份可促进冬小麦利用深层土壤水分，最终提高冬小麦成熟期的生物量和籽粒产量；虽然生育期耗水增加，但水分利用效率也提高。冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.96*）。覆膜的高产建立在高耗水基础上，但通过休闲期水分补充，地膜茬0-200 cm土层水分在冬小麦秋播前可恢复到露地水平。覆膜处理间的耗水差异远小于覆膜与露地间的差异。综合考虑产量、经济效益和田间操作难易程度，全膜覆土穴播一次覆膜可多茬使用，节省地膜成本，田间操作简单，经济效益高，是本试验条件下的最优栽培方式。【结论】全膜覆土穴播是西北黄土高原旱地小麦兼顾高产高效的栽培模式。
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| 关 键 词： | 地膜覆盖 冬小麦 土壤贮水量 耗水量 |
| 收稿时间： | 2014-03-25 |
Effects of Plastic Mulching on Water Consumption Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Arid Region of Northwest China |
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| YANG Chang-gang;CHAI Shou-xi;CHANG Lei;YANG De-long. Effects of Plastic Mulching on Water Consumption Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Arid Region of Northwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(4): 661-671. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.04.04 |
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| Authors: | YANG Chang-gang CHAI Shou-xi CHANG Lei YANG De-long |
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| Affiliation: | 1College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop, Lanzhou 7300702College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop, Lanzhou 730070 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】 Strategies and practices are required to increase crop yields and improve water use efficiency (WUE) in arid and semiarid rainfed areas. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different plastic mulching modes on water consumption characteristics, grain yield, and soil water recharge postharvest fallow period for winter wheat in a semiarid rainfed Loess Plateau area of Northwest China.【Method】 This experiment was conducted under arid conditions during wheat growing seasons in 2008-2010 and soil water storage, water consumption amount, grain yield and WUE for winter wheat were analyzed by using four cultivation patterns which were whole field plastic mulching with soil covering on the top of mulch and bunch-seeding (A), whole field plastic mulching without soil cover and bunch-seeding (B), ridges mulched with plastic and row-seeding in the furrow (C), and uncovered and row-seeding (CK), respectively. 【Result】 Results showed that compared to CK, the whole field plastic mulching without soil cover and with bunch-seeding increased winter wheat yield by 64.4%-79.1% and WUE by 22.1%-24.0%, with WUE reached 11.9 to 16.6 kg·hm-2·mm-1. The whole field plastic mulching with soil cover on the top of the mulch and bunch-seeding increased winter wheat yield by 43.4%-44.4% and WUE by 8.8%-14.6%, with WUE reached11.0 to 14.8 kg·hm-2·mm-1. The ridge-furrow mulching and row-seeding in the furrow increased winter wheat yield by 37.0%-39.3% and WUE by 4.2%-4.4%, with WUE reached 10.0 to 14.2 kg·hm-2·mm-1. Plastic film mulching was found to able to increase the soil water storage of 0-200 cm soil profile before the jointing stage, increase water consumption amount from jointing to maturity, and increase the proportion of water consumption after jointing to the total water consumption during the whole growing season. Plastic mulching also improved the use of soil water storage during the whole growth period, enhanced deep soil water usage in arid years, and then enhanced the biomass and grain yield at harvest. Plastic mulching led to a higher soil water consumption over the whole growing season, but the water use efficiency was also increased due to much more increase of grain yield. There was a significant positive correlation between the crop productivity and the soil water consumption during the growth period (r=0.96*). Though the high grain yield of plastic mulching was based on high water consumption, the soil moisture in the 0-200 cm depth with plastic mulching was restored from postharvest to the autumn seeding of the next crop to the level equivalent to the soil moisture in open field. The differences of water consumption among mulching treatments were significantly smaller than those between mulching treatment and open field contrast. By comparison of the three mulching methods, an added feature with the whole field plastic mulching with soil cover on the top of the mulch and bunch-seeding is that the plastic film can be reused for the next crops with simplified cropping operation, helping save film cost, and improving economic benefits, and therefore, it was recommended that is the most appropriate cultivation practice in the experiment. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded that the whole field plastic mulching with soil cover on the top of mulch and bunch-seeding is a highly-efficient cultivation pattern for increasing crop productivity, enhancing water use efficiency, and improving economic benefits for winter wheat in the semiarid rainfed Loess Plateau area of Northwest China. |
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| Keywords: | plastic film mulching winter wheat soil water storage water consumption amount |
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