Isolation of a phytotoxic isocoumarin from Diaporthe eres‐infected Hedera helix (English ivy) and synthesis of its phytotoxic analogs |
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| Authors: | Kumudini M Meepagala William E Briscoe Natascha Techen Robert D Johnson Brandon M Clausen Stephen O Duke |
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| Affiliation: | 1. USDA‐ARS, NPURU, University, MS, USA;2. National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS, USA |
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| Abstract: | BACKGROUND The fungus Diaporthe eres was isolated from a fungal pathogen‐infected leaf of Hedera helix (English ivy) exhibiting necrosis. It is hypothesized that the causative fungus produces phytotoxins as evidenced by necrotic lesions on the leaves. RESULTS The fungus was isolated and grown in Czapek Dox broth culture medium and potato dextrose broth culture medium and identified as Diaporthe eres. The ethyl acetate extracts of the culture broths were phytotoxic to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). 3,4‐Dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylisocoumarin ( 1 ) and tyrosol ( 2 ) were isolated and identified as the phytotoxic constituents. Six analogs of 3,4‐dihydro‐isocoumarin were synthesized and shown to be phytotoxic. The synthesized 3,4‐dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethylisocoumarin and 3,4‐dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,3,7‐trimethylisocoumarin were two‐ to three‐fold more phytotoxic than the naturally occurring 1 in a Lemna paucicostata growth bioassay. CONCLUSION Synthesis and herbicidal activities of the several new analogs of 1 are reported for the first time. These promising molecules should be used as templates for synthesis and testing of more analogs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry |
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| Keywords: | phytotoxin Hedera helix Diaporthe eres isocoumarin |
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