| 陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益 |
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| 引用本文： | 张欣欣,石磊,何刚,王朝辉. 陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.014 |
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| 作者姓名： | 张欣欣 石磊 何刚 王朝辉 |
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| 作者单位： | 1西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌7121002陕西省农业农村厅/陕西省耕地质量与农业环境保护工作站,西安710003 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408);国家自然科学基金(31902120);西北农林科技大学科研启动项目(2452018110) |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县(市、区)的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 893kg·hm-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm-2、102 kg P2O5·hm-2和37 kg K2O·hm-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm-2、103 kg P2O5·hm-2
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| 关 键 词： | 农户行为 养分管理 粮食作物 产量 环境代价 经济效益 陕西 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-12-04 |
Potential of Fertilizer Reduction and Benefits of Environment and Economic for Cereal Crops Production in Shaanxi Province |
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| ZHANG XinXin,SHI Lei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Potential of Fertilizer Reduction and Benefits of Environment and Economic for Cereal Crops Production in Shaanxi Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.014 |
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| Authors: | ZHANG XinXin SHI Lei HE Gang WANG ZhaoHui |
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| Affiliation: | 1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi2Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province/Cultivated Land Quality and Agricultural Environmental Protection Station in Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710003 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】The management of farmers is the main mode of agricultural production in China, and the unreasonable application of fertilizer resources is the crucial factor in limiting the production of crops. This study was aimed to assess the potential of fertilizer reduction and benefits of environment and economic, which was very important for agricultural sustainable development in the main crop production regions.【Method】In 2018, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the production of major crops in counties (cities and districts) of Shaanxi Province. The three major crops were taken as research objects to evaluate farmers’ fertilization status, fertilizer reduction potential, environmental costs and economic benefits based on yield level.【Result】There were significant differences in farmers’ crop yields. The average yield of wheat was 4 573 kg·hm-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 2 619 kg·hm-2; the average yield of maize was 7 319 kg·hm-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 5 388 kg·hm-2; the average yield of rice was 8 340 kg·hm-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 2 893 kg·hm-2. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium rate of wheat was 177 kg N·hm-2, 102 kg P2O5·hm-2 and 37 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively; maize was 247 kg N·hm-2, 103 kg P2O5·hm-2 and 47 kg K2O·hm-2; rice was 186 kg N·hm-2, 88 kg P2O5·hm-2 and 64 kg K2O·hm-2. There is no significant relationship between yield and fertilizer application. The problems of excessive application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, excessive and insufficient potassium fertilizer coexist, and excessive fertilization in low-yield farmers was serious. The reduction potential of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in wheat was 41%, 59% and 59%, respectively; maize was 55%, 73% and 66%, respectively; for rice, it was 38%, 64% and 58%, respectively. The forms of fertilizers applied showed that nitrogen was mainly chemical fertilizers and supplemented by compound fertilizers; phosphorus and potassium were mainly compound fertilizers; the organic manure supplied very low nutrient. The application of basal fertilizer usually received more attention, while topdressing was often overlooked on fertilizer structure, nitrogen was mainly based on basal application and supplemented by topdressing; phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were rarely applied topdressing. Losses of reactive nitrogen to produce 1.0 t wheat, maize and rice were 6.9, 3.8 and 3.3 kg N, respectively. Compared with the high-yield group, the reactive nitrogen loss intensity of wheat, maize and rice in the low-yield group increased by 52%, 85% and 74%; the potential of loss reduction ranges of wheat, maize and rice in low-yield group were 16%-33%, 31%-50% and 4%-38%, respectively. The economic benefits of wheat, maize and rice production were 4 468, 9 091 and 20 020 yuan/hm2, respectively. Compared with the low-yield group, the economic benefits of wheat, maize and rice in high-yield group increased 455%, 128% and 52%, respectively. The benefit increases were 4 919, 9 905 and 20 543 yuan/hm2. Compared with the low-yield group, the benefit increases of wheat, maize and rice in high-yield group increased 290%, 106% and 48%, respectively.【Conclusion】The household production behavior was analyzed deeply based on the production level in Shaanxi province. The low and middle yield levels were the focus of fertilizer reduction and benefit improvement. The average reduction potential of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers for the three crops was 45%, 65% and 61%, respectively, reducing the potential of active nitrogen loss were 26%, 45% and 18%, respectively. The potential to improve environment economic benefits were 10%, 9% and 3%, respectively. |
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| Keywords: | household behavior nutrients management cereal crops yield environmental cost economic benefit Shaanxi Province |
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