| 氮肥运筹对黄土塬区春玉米产量、效益和氮肥利用率的综合效应 |
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| 引用本文： | 李嘉,吕慎强,杨泽宇,李惠通,王吕,阳婷,王筱斐,王林权. 氮肥运筹对黄土塬区春玉米产量、效益和氮肥利用率的综合效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(1): 32-41. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19045 |
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| 作者姓名： | 李嘉 吕慎强 杨泽宇 李惠通 王吕 阳婷 王筱斐 王林权 |
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| 作者单位： | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院，陕西杨凌 712100 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFD0200100）；国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201503124）。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】研究氮肥种类、施氮量、施肥方式及施肥位置对春玉米产量、氮素吸收、氮肥利用率和经济效益的综合效应，为黄土塬区雨养春玉米氮肥减量和轻简化施肥提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】本研究在黄土高原中南部陕西长武县进行，共设两个试验。1) 肥料效应试验 (2017—2018)，供试作物为春玉米 (品种为‘先玉335’)，一年一熟制，耕作方式为平作半膜覆盖。设8个处理:不施氮 (N0)；常规施氮 (N225，分次施肥，膜间施肥)；减量施氮 (N180，分次施肥，膜间施肥)；普通尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-N180)；硫包衣尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-SCU)和膜内基施 (B-SCUi)；基质缓释尿素减量一次性膜间基施 (B-MU) 和膜内基施 (B-MUi)。生育期内测定耕层土壤矿质氮 (NH4+ + NO3–) 含量及植株地上部氮素累积量，收获后测定产量及0—200 cm土壤剖面中矿质氮 (NH4+ + NO3–) 残留量等指标。2) 肥料氮素释放试验，与2018生育季肥料效应试验同时同地进行，不种植玉米。设6个施肥处理:普通尿素膜间 (U) 和膜内 (Ui)、硫包衣尿素膜间 (SCU) 和膜内 (SCUi)、基质缓释尿素膜间 (MU) 和膜内 (MUi)。测定施肥区单位土体 (5 cm × 6 cm × 100 cm) 中矿质氮量，土体中矿质氮增量被视为肥料释放氮。【结果】氮肥种类、施氮量和施肥方式对春玉米产量、氮素累积量、氮肥利用率和经济收益等有显著影响，矿质氮在土壤剖面中的分布及其肥效受生育季降雨量及降雨分布的影响。施N 180～225 kg/hm2可显著增加黄土塬区春玉米产量，增产幅度为49.47%～84.73%。与N225处理相比，B-MU、B-MUi和B-N180等处理2个生育季均无减产效应，但氮肥利用率较常规施肥增加4.41%～23.61%，经济效益增加346～1586 yuan/hm2，同时减少了土壤矿质氮的残留；而B-SCUi处理产量显著下降，其氮素累积量、氮肥利用率及经济效益也均有所降低；N180处理2017生育季无显著减产效应，2018生育季减产23.31%，减少经济效益5623 yuan/hm2。膜际种植条件下，膜间施肥效果优于膜内施肥。基质缓释尿素的养分释放规律与当地水热条件和植株吸氮规律较匹配。【结论】黄土塬区氮肥全部膜间基施有利于雨养春玉米喇叭口期前吸收足够的氮素营养，减少氮肥追施可能带来的氮素损失或干旱季节无法追肥的风险，提高生产效率和氮肥利用率。基质缓释尿素所释养分与玉米根系在土壤中的分布匹配性较好，减少20%的氮肥投入量无减产效应，是当地轻简化施肥的推荐氮肥种类；硫包衣尿素在玉米生育前期养分释放量过少，不适宜一次性基施。
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| 关 键 词： | 硫包衣尿素 基质缓释尿素 一次性基施 春玉米 减氮施肥 施肥位置 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-01-31 |
Comprehensive effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,economic performance and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Loess Plateau,China |
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| LI Jia,Lü Shen-qiang,YANG Ze-yu,LI Hui-tong,WANG Lü,YANG Ting,WANG Xiao-fei,WANG Lin-quan. Comprehensive effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,economic performance and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Loess Plateau,China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2020, 26(1): 32-41. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19045 |
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| Authors: | LI Jia Lü Shen-qiang YANG Ze-yu LI Hui-tong WANG Lü YANG Ting WANG Xiao-fei WANG Lin-quan |
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| Affiliation: | College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A& F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】The comprehensive effects of fertilizer sources, rates, fertilization times and fertilization places on the yield, economic performance and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were studied in rain-fed farmland, aiming to provide a scientific reference for reducing nitrogen rate and simplifying practices in the production of spring maize in Loess Plateau area.【Methods】Two experiments were conducted in Changwu County, the south of the Loess Plateau. The tested maize cultivar was ‘Xianyu 335’, and the planting row was alternating with plastic film mulched row. 1) Fertilizer effect experiment in 2017–2018. The treatments included no N application (N0); conventional fertilization (N225, split application between film-mulched row); conventional reduced application (N180, split application between film-mulched row); a single basal application of urea in reduced rate (B-N180, application between film-mulched row); a single basal application with sulfur coated urea in reduced rate between film-mulched row (B-SCU) and under film (B-SCUi); a single basal application with reduced matrix-based slow-release urea between film-mulched row (B-MU) and under film (B-MUi). The soil mineral nitrogen (MN) content and plant N contents were measured during the growth period of spring maize. The yield and residual MN in the 0–200 cm soil profiles were quantified when harvest. 2) The fertilizer nitrogen release trial was conducted during growth season without maize in 2018. The 6 treatments included: common urea applied between film rows (U) and under film (Ui); sulfur coated urea applied between film rows (SCU) and under film (SCUi); matrix-based slow-release urea applied between film rows (MU) and under film (MUi). The content of MN in soil pedon (5 cm × 6 cm × 100 cm) under fertilizer bags was quantified, and the MN increment during trial was regarded as the N released by the fertilizers tested.【Results】The N sources, N rates and fertilization time and place markedly affected the yield, N uptake and accumulation in plant and N use efficiency, and the rainfall amount and distribution in growth seasons also influenced the distribution of fertilizer N in soil profile and the N uptake and N use efficiency of maize significantly. The application of N 180–225 kg/hm2 increased grain yield by 49.5%–84.7% in two years. Compared with N225, the yields in B-MU, B-MUi and B-N180 did not varied obviously, but the NUE increased by 4.41%–23.61%, the economic incomes increased by 346–1586 yuan/hm2, and the N residuals in soil also declined. Nevertheless, the yield, N accumulation, N use efficiency and economic benefit of B-SCUi declined. Although there was no yield loss of N180 in 2017, the yield and net profit loss were of 23.31% and 5623 yuan/hm2 respectively in 2018 compared to N225. The effects of yield increase were better in treatment of applying fertilizer between film rows than those under film. The N release of matrix-based slow-release urea was matched with the local hydrothermal conditions and synchronized their N release pattern with crop N uptake rates.【Conclusions】A single basal application of nitrogen fertilizer between the film-mulched rows could increase yield, fertilizer efficiency and profit of maize production as a results of providing sufficient N before the bell stage of spring maize, reducing the N loss after topdressing and avoiding the difficult topdressing in dry season in the Loess Plateau area. The nitrogen release of matrix-based slow-release urea matches well with N uptake and root development of spring maize, and could maintain the yield stability with reduced 20% of fertilizer input, so it could be used in simplification practice. Sulfur-coated urea is not suitable for the technology as too slow nitrogen release in the early stage of maize growth. |
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