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Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls |
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| Authors: | Kevin A. Hughes Gail V. Ashton | |
| Affiliation: | 1. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK;2. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Romberg Tiburon Center, Tiburon, CA, USA | |
| Abstract: | ||
| Keywords: | marine bioinvasion alien species shipping invertebrates introduction climate change dispersal polar regions sea ice | |