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Effort rights‐based management

Authors:	Dale Squires Mark Maunder Peder Andersen Kepa Astorkiza Douglas Butterworth Gonzalo Caballero Raymond Clarke Hans Ellefsen Patrice Guillotreau John Hampton Rögnvaldur Hannesson Elizabeth Havice Vishwanie Maharaj Rebecca Metzner Iago Mosqueira Ana Parma Ivan Prieto‐Bowen Victor Restrepo Shaufique Fahmi Sidique Stein Ivar Steinsham Eric Thunberg Ikerne del Valle Niels Vestergaard

Affiliation:	1. NOAA Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, CA, USA;2. Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA, USA;3. Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;4. Department of Applied Economics, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain;5. Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa;6. Faculty of Economics, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain;7. Pacific Island Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, Honolulu, NOAA Inouye Regional Center (IRC), NMFS/PIRO, Honolulu, HI, USA;8. University of Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands;9. Institut d’ Economie et de Management de Nantes, University of Nántes Chemin la Censive du Tertre, Nántes, France;10. Oceanic Fisheries Programme (OFP), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). B.P. D 5, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia;11. Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway;12. Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;13. World Wildlife Fund‐Fisheries, World Wildlife Fund, N.W. Washington DC, USA;14. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy;15. Maritime Affairs Unit of the European Commission Joint Research Center, Ispra (VA), Italia;16. Centro Nacional Patagónico CONICETBiologia y Manejo de Recursos Acuáticos, Chubut, Argentina;17. Consultant, Manta, Ecuador;18. Scientific and Advisory Committee, International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, Madrid, Spain;19. Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia;20. Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Springs, MD, USA;21. Department of Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Esberg, Denmark

Abstract:	Effort rights‐based fisheries management (RBM) is less widely used than catch rights, whether for groups or individuals. Because RBM on catch or effort necessarily requires a total allowable catch (TAC) or total allowable effort (TAE), RBM is discussed in conjunction with issues in assessing fish populations and providing TACs or TAEs. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and there are trade‐offs between the two approaches. In a narrow economic sense, catch rights are superior because of the type of incentives created, but once the costs of research to improve stock assessments and the associated risks of determining the TAC and costs of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement are taken into consideration, the choice between catch or effort RBM becomes more complex and less clear. The results will be case specific. Hybrid systems based on both catch and effort are increasingly employed to manage marine fisheries to capture the advantages of both approaches. In hybrid systems, catch or effort RBM dominates and controls on the other supplements. RBM using either catch or effort by itself addresses only the target species stock externality and not the remaining externalities associated with by‐catch and the ecosystem.

Keywords:	Catch rights effort rights fisheries management total allowable catch total allowable effort

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