商业化家禽生产对全球家禽遗传资源的影响

家禽的生物学特性和经济学特性(如繁殖率高、繁殖周期短、单位成本低、育种材料易于携带和运输以及经济节约型规模化养殖)使家禽业成为畜牧业中最先进的行业。在所有动物物种中,家禽的育种程度最高。所有牲畜品种中,家禽具有最高的饲料转化率,且无论在发展中国家还是发达国家,禽肉的消费比率逐年增长。据世界粮农组织动物生产及卫生司预测,发展中国家禽肉消费年增长率将由目前的25%增加到2030年的34%。另一方面,家禽产业结构的快速调整已成为威胁家禽遗传资源的重要因素。目前,全世界已有30%的家禽品种濒临灭绝,9%的家禽品种已经灭绝。此外,遗传多样性丢失、消费涉及的动物福利以及环境问题也对家禽资源产生威胁。因此,家禽业是政府决策过程中权衡各种因素的理想案例,如食品安全与农业生物多样性、公共投资与私人投资、规模化养殖与小规模养殖、创造就业机会与自谋职业、标准和食品安全与食物多样性等。本文重点关注家禽遗传多样性、家禽育种、家禽研究的公共投资和私人投资以及食品安全等方面的问题。

Effect of Commercial Poultry Production on World Poultry Genetic Resources

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