牧户多样化生计与草地生态系统服务的依赖关系:以喀拉峻天山世界自然遗产地为例

牧户依赖于生态系统服务,并且影响生态系统提供服务的能力。研究揭示草原牧区牧户生计与生态系统服务依赖关系的特征规律对实现人类福祉与生态系统协同发展具有重要意义。应用生态系统服务依赖度(index system of farmer dependence on ecosystem services,IDES)指数模型分析了喀拉峻190个样本牧户调查数据,探讨了外出务工、经营旅游业、畜牧业生产及旅游畜牧兼业4种生计策略对生态系统服务的依赖度;进一步利用灰色关联度模型,讨论了4种生计策略牧户生计资本对IDES的影响。结果表明,1)牧户从生态系统服务中获得收益差异显著,经营旅游业牧户获益差距最大,其从文化服务中获益最多,户均15564元,从调节服务中获益最少,户均482元;2)不同生计策略牧户对生态系统服务的依赖度由大到小排序,依次为旅游畜牧兼业>经营旅游业>外出务工>畜牧业生产;3)不同生计策略牧户的生计资本与IDES的关联度存在强弱差异,其中社会资本与IDES存在强关联,其他生计资本与IDES存在中度关联。基于此,提出鼓励牧户适度兼业,提升生态系统服务供给能力;健全草原旅游参与机制,增强文化服务依赖性;提高牧户社会资本,加强生态系统服务关联性等建议,从而推进生计与生态系统可持续发展目标的实现。

Dependency between herdsmen’s diversified livelihoods and grassland ecosystem services:Taking the Kalajun World Natural Heritage Site as an example

Herdsmen rely on ecosystem services and have an impact on the ability of these ecosystems to provide services.This research reveals the characteristic rules of the dependency that exists between the livelihoods of herdsmen in pastoral areas and ecosystem services and provides important information that can be used to achieve the coordinated development of both human well-being and ecosystems.The Index System of Farmer Dependence on Ecosystem Services(IDES)exponential model was used to analyze the data from 190 sample herdsmen and delve into the dependencies of four livelihood strategies on ecosystem services,including outward employment,tourism,animal husbandry,and the combined industry of animal husbandry and tourism.Furthermore,using a grey correlation model,we also discuss the impacts of the livelihood capitals of these four kinds strategies on IDES.The results showed that:1)There was a significant difference among herdsmen in their incomes from ecosystem services.Herdsmen that worked in tourism received the most benefits and received the most from cultural services,with 15564 CNY on average per household.However,they benefited the least from the modulation sector with an average of 428 CNY per household.2)The dependencies of different livelihood strategies on ecosystem services differed,here listed in descending order:the combined industry of animal husbandry and tourism,tourism,outward employment,and finally animal husbandry.3)The correlations between the livelihood capitals of different livelihood strategies and IDES also varied,with the strongest correlation between social capital and IDES,while the correlations between other capitals and IDES were moderate.Based on these findings,it is important to encourage herdsmen to moderately develop by-businesses,and to improve the supply ability of ecosystem services:the participation mechanisms of grassland tourism should be improved to increase the dependence on cultural services.In addition,we should increase the social capitals of herdsmen and strengthen the correlations between livelihoods and ecosystem services.Only in these ways can we achieve the sustainable development of both livelihoods and ecosystem services.