Ventenata and Other Coexisting Exotic Annual Grass Control and Plant Community Response to Increasing Imazapic Application Rates |
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| Institution: | 1. Assistant Professor, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA;2. Ecologist, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301, USA;3. Associate Professor, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;4. Research Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA-ARS, Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND 58554, USA;1. Research Assistant, Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA;2. Land Bird Coordinator US Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Birds Program, Division of Habitat Conservation, Region 6, Denver, CO, 80225;3. Partners for Fish and Wildlife Biologist, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Glasgow, MT, 59230;4. Assistant Professor, Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA;1. Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Provo, UT 84602, USA;2. University of Nevada−Reno, Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, Reno, NV 89557, USA;3. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Research Center, Ephraim, UT 84627, USA;1. Rangeland Scientists, USDA-ARS, Burns, OR 97720 USA; and;2. Research Associate, Oregon State University, Burns, OR 97720 USA;1. Rangeland Management Specialist, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)−Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Rangeland and Pasture Research Unit, Woodward, OK 73801, USA;2. Plant Physiologist, USDA-ARS, Northwest Watershed Research Center, Boise, ID 83712, USA;3. Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA;4. Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA;5. Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;6. Ecologist, USDA-ARS, Range and Meadow Forage Management Research Unit, Burns, OR 97720, USA;7. Professor, Department of Environment & Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA;8. Research Civil Engineer, Northwest Watershed Research Center, Boise, ID 83712, USA;9. Plant Sciences Technician, Northwest Watershed Research Center, Boise, ID 83712, USA;1. Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA;2. US Department of Agriculture−Agricultural Research Service Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA. |
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| Abstract: | Ventenata (Ventenata dubia Leers] Coss.) is an exotic annual grass that can invade intermountain rangeland plant communities, where it can form monotypic stands, degrade wildlife habitat, and reduce livestock forage. There is limited information on ventenata control in rangelands as it has only recently been identified as a substantial problem. Imazapic is a pre-emergent herbicide commonly used to control other exotic annual grasses and, therefore, is likely to control ventenata in rangelands. We evaluated five application rates of imazapic (0 − 175 g ae ∙ ha− 1) on ventenata and other exotic annual grass control and plant community response at two rangeland sites in 2 yr (2014 and 2015). Imazapic reduced exotic annual grass (largely ventenata) cover and density, with greater control with increasing imazapic rates. Exotic annual grass density at the highest levels of control (82%−94%) was 184 − 299 plants ∙ m− 2 the first yr after imazapic application. Exotic annual grasses fully recovered in the second or third yr after imazapic application. Bare ground generally increased with imazapic application. However, density of perennial vegetation (grasses and forbs) did not vary among treatments. Perennial vegetation cover generally did not increase with imazapic control of ventenata and other exotic annual grasses. Imazapic can control ventenata; however, even at the highest rates, control was not enough to shift the dominance from exotic annual species to perennial species. Integrating other treatments with imazapic application may be a strategy to improve ventenata control and increase perennial vegetation and will require further investigation. The difficulty and likely expense of achieving substantial and lasting control of ventenata suggest, similar to other exotic annual grasses, that preventing ventenata invasion and dominance should be a high management priority. |
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