犬瘟热的诊断及其预防免疫的研究进展

本文对犬瘟热（CD）的诊断、预防免疫和免疫失败的影响因素及犬瘟热病毒（CDV）的宿主范围进行了综述。CDV不仅感染陆生食肉动物，而且也感染水生食肉动物，并且其宿主范围还在不断扩大。CDV感染主要采用病毒分离、特异性病毒抗原或特异性核酸检测等方法确诊。疫苗包括灭活的CDV疫苗、麻疹病毒（MV）异源苗及CDV弱毒活苗。疫苗接种犬的免疫反应主要取决于毒株特性及犬的应答能力，只有弱毒活苗能诱导产生持久而坚强的保护力。尽管多年来CDV弱毒活苗的使用控制了CD的发生，但最近免疫过的犬发生CD的病例并不少见。分析免疫失败的原因，主要是母源抗体干扰、疫苗质量差、其它病毒的免疫抑制以及CDV流行株可能发生了变异等因素的影响。

The Development of Diagnosis and Active Immunization of Canine Distemper

It is a reviews on the diagnosis ,active immunization and vaccination failure factors of canine distemper (CD),as well as host range of canine distemper virus (CDV).CDV infection has occurred not only in terrestrial but also in aquatic carnivores,and its host range has been developing.Diagnosis of CD based on methods of virus isolation,identification of specific antigen or nucleic acid of CDV ,was mainly introduced in this paper.CDV vaccines mainly include inactivated CDV vaccine,heterothpic measles vaccine and live attenuated vaccine.Immune response in dogs after vaccine inoculated are greatly dependent on virus strains used and on the host response to infection,only live attenuated vaccine can induce long lasting immunity and completely protect animals against virulent CDV challenge.Although the CD has been controlled for many years using live attenuated vaccines,recently however,many cases of vaccinated dogs showed typical clinical signs of CDV infection.The causes of vaccine failure were discussed,which includes the persistence of maternal antibodies,quality of vaccine,the immunosuppressive effect of parvovirus and variation of CDV.