苜蓿花期三种杀菌剂对意大利蜜蜂保护酶和解毒酶的影响

为探究苜蓿生产过程中使用的杀菌剂对其传粉昆虫意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)的安全性,利用田间推荐使用浓度的菌核净、咪鲜胺和异菌脲处理意大利蜜蜂,分别测定蜜蜂体内3种保护酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和3种解毒酶:羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和细胞色素P450(P450)的活性。结果表明,不同浓度的3种杀菌剂均可诱导意蜂SOD和POD活性,其中咪鲜胺1500倍液(0.17 mg·L^-1)处理的蜜蜂体内SOD和POD活性最高,分别为对照的1.82和5.40倍。3种杀菌剂对CAT、CarE和GSTs活性表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制,对P450活性表现为抑制作用(咪鲜胺)或者诱导作用(菌核净和异菌脲)。随着处理时间的延长,3种杀菌剂1000倍液(0.40、0.25和0.50 mg·L^-1)对意蜂体内3种保护酶的活性总体表现为诱导作用;而对3种解毒酶的影响各异,菌核净对3种解毒酶活性均为先激活后抑制;异菌脲对CarE和GSTs活性表现为先抑制后激活,对P450为诱导作用;咪鲜胺对CarE和GSTs表现为先激活后抑制,对P450表现为随时间逐渐降低的抑制作用。该结果表明意蜂可以通过调节体内保护酶和解毒酶活性,降低杀菌剂的负面影响,但对蜜蜂正常生理和代谢产生了影响。因此在生产中应当谨慎施用杀菌剂,保护蜜蜂安全授粉。

Effects of three fungicides on the activities of protective enzymes and detoxifying enzymes in Apis mellifera

This research aimed to clarify the effects of fungicides applied in Medicago sativa production on the safety of an important pollinating insect, the honeybee (Apis mellifera), One-day-old adult honeybees were fed a diet containing dimetachlone, prochloraz, iprodione, at a range of concentrations (diluted with water 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1500, 1:2000 and 1:2500) or no fungicide (Control). Subsequently, the activities of three protective enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and three detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (P450) in the honeybees were measured. It was found that different concentrations of all the three fungicides could induce increased activities of SOD and POD in the honeybees. In particular, treatment with prochloraz solution at the 1:1500 dilution (0.17 mg·L^-1) induced a 1.82-fold SOD activity and a 5.40-fold POD activity compared to the Control treatment. All three fungicides showed low concentration induction and high concentration inhibition of CAT, CarE and GST activities, and showed inhibition (prochloraz) or induction (dimetachlone and iprodione) of P450 activity. With extended treatment time, the 1:1000 dilution of all three fungicides (0.40, 0.25 and 0.50 mg·L^-1 of dimetachlone, prochloraz, and iprodione, respectively) showed an overall induction effect on the activities of the three protective enzymes in Italian bees, but a variable effect on the activities of detoxifying enzymes. Specifically, dimetachlone initially increased the activities of the three protective enzymes and then inhibited activity after 6 h; iprodione induced P450 activity at all times, but inhibited the activities of CarE and GST in the first 12 h, then induced their activity thereafter; prochloraz elicited a gradual decrease in P450 activity with time, but initially induced then later inhibited the activities of CarE and GST. The results indicate that Italian bees can reduce the negative effects of fungicides by regulating the activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes in their bodies, but the fungicides have an impact on the normal physiology and metabolism of bees, even so. Therefore, care should be taken when applying fungicides to protect bees and ensure their safety while pollinating agricultural crops.