早期营养干预对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系发育的影响

正常稳定的瘤胃微生物区系是反刍动物瘤胃健康的重要指标，且在瘤胃结构形态发育、微生物定植模式、免疫功能调节及抵御外源致病因子侵袭等方面发挥着重要积极作用。最近研究表明，新生反刍动物瘤胃微生物组成相对单一，但随着早期瘤胃发育过程中不同微生物群落相继开始定植并占据不同的生态位，此时的营养干预可能会形成特定的微生物群落组合并产生持久影响，这为进一步提高反刍动物生产性能和健康水平提供了更好的长期策略。本研究主要从3个方面详细综述了早期营养干预对瘤胃微生态系统发育的最新研究成果，包括探索幼龄反刍动物瘤胃形态及功能发育、寻找影响早期瘤胃微生物群落定植的因素及最佳调控“窗口期”的选择，并对宿主与微生物群落间的免疫互作进行简要剖析，以期为通过早期营养干预调控瘤胃微生物区系，提高反刍动物生产性能来应对全球畜牧业挑战，并为提高秸秆纤维利用率及抑制甲烷排放提供理论依据。

Effect of early nutrition intervention on rumen microflora development in young ruminants

The presence of a normal and stable rumen microflora is an important indicator of rumen health in ruminants.It also plays an important role in the development of rumen morphology,microbial colonization,regulation of immune function,and resistance to invasion by exogenous pathogenic factors.Recent studies have shown that the composition of rumen microbes in neonatal ruminants is relatively simple.However,different microbial communities begin to colonize and occupy different niches during early rumen development,so nutritional interventions at this point may result in the formation of specific microbial communities and may have lasting effects.Such interventions provide a better long-term strategy for further improving ruminant productivity and health.In this paper,the latest research findings on early nutrition intervention in the development of the rumen microecological system are reviewed in detail from the following three perspectives:Exploring the development of rumen morphology and function of young ruminants,the factors affecting the early rumen microbial community colonization and the selection of a‘window period’for intervention,and brief analysis of the immune interaction between host and microbial communities.This information would help in the improvement of the performance of ruminants through early nutrition intervention to meet the global challenge of animal husbandry,as well as improvements in straw fiber utilization and the control of methane emission.