西藏天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策对农牧民家庭收入的影响

西藏高寒草地生态保护不仅关系当地人民生活水平的提升,而且关乎我国东部地区的生态和经济安全,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一。为遏止高寒草地退化,恢复已退化草地的生态功能,保护未退化高寒草地资源,在2011年国家启动天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策(以下简称"草奖"政策)。2014年我们深入西藏3类地区(纯牧区、半农半牧区、纯农区)的农、牧家庭进行问卷调查,从家庭牧业生产、家庭收入与构成及农牧户间收入差距3方面剖析了政策实施3年(2011-2013年)的社会经济影响。研究发现,1)草原生态保护补助奖励机制的政策福利存在地域间的不均衡性,纯牧区家庭享有更多经济福利;2)"草奖"政策改变了牧区家庭的收入结构,转移性收入超过家庭经营性收入,成为牧民家庭的重要收入来源;3)"草奖"政策有利于缩小牧区和农区贫富差距,但对于半农半牧区效果不明显。因此,政策措施需要进行适时适度地调整,从补偿标准、方式、力度等方面进行优化,体现高寒草地生态功能的地域性差异,使其符合各地域农牧家庭的实际生产,促使西藏高原草地畜牧业的可持续发展。

Effects of the award-allowance payment policy for natural grassland conservation on income of farmer and herdsman families in Tibet

The status of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau not only has a major impact on the welfare of local residents,but also contributes to economic activity in East China,and thus has an important role to play in the overall ecological security of China.To stop grassland degradation,to recover degraded pastures,and to conserve healthy natural grasslands,in 2011 the government implemented an economic payment policy including awards and allowances to local families for their efforts in grassland conservation.We conducted face-to-face interviews with local families in Agriculture counties (AC),Agriculture-Animal-Husbandry counties (AAHC),and Animal-Husbandry counties (AHC) in 2014,with husbandry activities and economic income data collected at the family level,to assess the social and economic influence of this policy.The results showed that economic benefits arising from this policy are unevenly distributed between different family types.Herdsmen families in AHC received much more benefit than those in either AC or AAHC.We found that the policy has altered the income structure of herdsmen families in AHC,and the transferred income accounted for a great proportion of the total income at the family level.In addition,the policy has reduced the family income gap between AHC and AC,but has provided little incentive or increase in income for families in AAHC.It is necessary therefore,to adjust the criteria,methodology and levels of payment to take into account zonal differences in ecosystem functionality,in order for the system to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry on the Tibetan Plateau.