云南省勐海至孟连高速公路对亚洲象及其栖息地的潜在影响分析

2019年1月—2020年2月,采用访问调查法、无人机调查法、痕迹跟踪调查法及样方法获取了分布于拟建勐海至孟连高速公路沿线野生亚洲象种群数量、迁移轨迹、栖息地(包括植被、水源、硝塘等)等信息,采用3S技术分析了拟建高速公路对沿线亚洲象及栖息地的潜在影响。结果表明:(1)分布于拟建勐海至孟连高速公路沿线的野生亚洲象共计17头,为一孤立的小种群,其中14头常年群体活动,另外3头成年雄象部分时间与象群一起活动,部分时间离群单独活动;(2)在拟建高速公路沿线亚洲象活动区域共记录植物136种,其中包含亚洲象天然食性植物40种,隶属18目24科37属;(3)在勐海县勐满镇多依树村附近,象群的迁移路线与拟建高速公路规划方案的多依树3号隧道交叉;(4)研究区域内的水系受拟建高速公路干扰的区域主要集中在勐海县勐满镇与澜沧县惠民镇交界及以西路段;(5)调查到的22处硝塘中,有3处可能在高速公路建设期和运营期间受到较大干扰,将导致亚洲象对它们的利用率降低。基于以上分析我们认为,拟建勐海-孟连高速公路将对沿线分布的亚洲象种群及其栖息地产生一定的负面影响,增加高速公路的桥梁和隧道设计能有效缓解这些负面影响。为更好地协调高速公路建设和亚洲象保护之间的平衡。我们建议:(1)高速公路施工单位应避免在亚洲象距离拟建高速公路较近时进行爆破等噪音较大的施工作业,为免惊吓象群引发亚洲象对人发动攻击,造成人象冲突;(2)在亚洲象迁移通道出入口种植亚洲象喜爱程度较高的土著植物引导其通行,减少亚洲象通行时的压迫感;(3)在距离亚洲象迁移通道较近的路段布设隔音屏障,并采取限速通行、严禁鸣笛等交通管制。

Analysis on the Potential Impact of Menghai to Menglian Expressway on Asian Elephants and Their Habitats in Yunnan Province

From January 2019 to February 2020,the number of Asian elephants(Elephas maximus)distributed both sides of the proposed Menghai-Menglian Expressway,migration paths,and habitat factors(including vegetation,water sources,salt ponds)were documented by interview surveys,unmanned aerial vehicle survey,trace tracking surveys,and quadrat sampling.With 3S technology,potential impacts of the proposed Menghai-Menglian Expressway on Asian elephants and their habitats were also assessed.The results showed that:(1)A total of 17 wild Asian elephants lived along the proposed expressway in a small,isolated population,among which 14 elephants lived in the group all year while the other three adult males spent part of their time with the herd and part of their time separated from the group;(2)A total of 136 species of plants were recorded,including 40 species of natural edible food plants for Asian elephants and representing 18 orders,24 families,and 37 genera;(3)Near the village Duoyishu,Mengman Town,Menghai County,the migration route of the Asian elephant group crossed the proposed No.3 tunnel in the planned route of the expressway;(4)The water system affected by the proposed expressway was concentrated on the junction of Mengman Town in Menghai County,Huimin Town in Lancang County and the west section;(5)Among the 22 salt ponds surveyed,3 would be greatly disturbed during the construction and operation of the expressway,which will lead to a decrease in the utilization rate by Asian elephants in future.We conclude that,the proposed Menghai-Menglian Expressway will have some negative effects on the Asian elephant population and their habitat along the route,and more bridges and tunnels of the expressway can effectively alleviate these negative effects.To better coordinate the balance between expressway construction and Asian elephant protection,we recommend:(1)Expressway construction units should avoid noisy construction operations such as blasting when the Asian elephants are near the proposed expressway alignment,to avoid the Asian elephant from launching an attack on people caused by being frightened,thereby causing human-elephant conflicts;(2)Planting indigenous plants that are highly preferred by Asian elephants at the entrances and exits of Asian elephant migration corridors to guide their passage,reducing the stress when Asian elephants pass through;(3)Install noise barriers on both sides of the road near the migration path of Asian elephants,and adopt traffic control measures such as speed limits and banning use of vehicle horns,hooters,and whistles.