人兽共患寄生虫病候选疫苗分子筛选方法研究进展

人兽共患寄生虫种类多、宿主广泛且危害严重。血吸虫病、棘球蚴病、囊尾蚴病、旋毛虫病、弓形虫病等是常见的重要人兽共患寄生虫病。人类和家畜饱受寄生虫病的危害，这对公共卫生和畜牧业造成了很大的影响。控制传染源、切断传播途径和保护易感群是控制人兽共患寄生虫病流行的综合防控措施。在综合防控策略中，疫苗的使用是切断循环链、控制乃至消灭人兽共患寄生虫病的理想和有效途径之一。选用高效的抗原筛选方法挖掘潜在的疫苗候选分子是开发疫苗的前提和关键。抗原筛选技术的更新换代使得研究者发掘出了更多新抗原和保护性多肽。现有的抗原筛选方法主要包括传统的粗抗原筛选法、cDNA文库筛选法、蛋白质组学筛选法、生物信息学及多组学技术联合筛选法。很多抗原筛选的方法是伴随寄生虫疫苗研究的发展应运而生的，粗抗原筛选法是基于抗原抗体相互反应的免疫学原理而设计的，此方法筛选的天然抗原可引起机体较强的免疫反应；cDNA文库筛选抗原的优势在于筛选更有针对性，所以候选产物的成分更单一、明确；蛋白质组学筛选法是基于质谱而兴起的一种筛选技术，它既可对未知蛋白组分进行鉴定，还可对鉴定结果进行差异比较，在未知分子的发现和功能特殊的靶分子筛选中发挥着重要作用；随着后基因时代的到来，生物信息学及多组学联合筛选技术使得抗原筛选逐步进入了多维、立体的筛选模式，也使得候选抗原及其表位的功能研究更加深入，这为基因工程疫苗和多肽疫苗候选分子的筛选提供了技术手段。

Research Progress on Screening Methods for Candidate Vaccine Molecules Against Parasitic Zoonoses

There are many kinds of zoonotic parasites with a wide range of hosts and serious damage.Schistosomiasis,echinococcosis,cysticercosis,trichinosis and toxoplasmosis are common parasitic zoonoses.Humans and livestock suffer from parasitic diseases,which have a significant impact on public health and livestock farming.Controlling the source of infection,cutting off the route of transmission and protecting susceptible groups are the comprehensive prevention and control measures to control the epidemic of parasitic zoonoses.In particular,vaccinations is one of the ideal and effective ways to cut off parasites’ life cycle,and control and even eliminate parasitic zoonoses.It is the premise and key to develop a vaccine to select an effective antigen screening method to excavate the potential candidate molecules for vaccine.With the development of antigen screening technology,more new antigens and protective peptides have been discovered.Existing antigen screening methods mainly include the traditional crude antigen screening method,cDNA library screening method,proteomics screening method,bioinformatics and multi-omics technology screening method.Many methods of antigen screening were developed along with the process of parasite vaccine research.The crude antigen screening method is based on the immunological principle of antigen-antibody interaction,and natural antigen screened by this method can cause a strong immune response.The advantage of cDNA library screening is that the screening is more targeted,so the composition of the candidate product is more single and clear.Proteomic screening technique is based on mass spectrometry,which can not only identify the unknown proteins,but also compare the differences of the identification results.It plays an important role in the discovery of unknown molecules and the screening of target molecules with special functions.With the advent of the post-genetic era,the combined screening technology of bioinformatics and multi-omics makes antigen screening turn into a multi-dimensional screening mode,and also makes the functional studies of candidate antigens and their epitopes more in-depth,which provides a technical means for the screening of candidate molecules of genetically engineered vaccines and polypeptide vaccines.