A型塞尼卡病毒检测方法及疫苗研究进展

A型塞尼卡病毒（Senecavirus A，SVA）也称为塞尼卡谷病毒（Seneca Valley virus，SVV），属于小RNA病毒科塞尼卡病毒属成员。SVA主要引起猪的水泡性疾病，与口蹄疫、水泡性口炎、猪水泡病等临床症状相似，可导致新生仔猪急性死亡，严重影响养猪业发展。自2015年广东省发生SVA感染以来，中国多省份陆续有该病发生的报道。当前，中国因猪群缺乏针对SVA的免疫屏障，加之该病传染性较强，存在大范围暴发的潜在风险。如何有效防控SVA感染是迫切需要解决的问题。目前已开发出多种SVA诊断方法用于进行实验室及现场条件下早期的鉴别诊断。SVA的分离鉴定、原位杂交和免疫组化可用于检测病原体的存在及其与组织内形态学变化关系；血清学诊断方法包括基于不同结构蛋白的间接ELISA方法、竞争ELISA方法、均相光激化学发光免疫技术和病毒中和试验，用免疫学方法检测抗体有助于了解SVA感染进程，是临床诊断的主要手段；病毒核酸检测方法主要有PCR技术、等温扩增技术、基因组测序等分子生物学技术，在病毒感染的早期快速检测及检测新发病毒中具有重要作用。目前仍无商品化疫苗预防SVA感染，但科研人员已研发出了灭活疫苗、弱毒疫苗、核酸疫苗和亚单位疫苗等多种具有潜力的候选疫苗。笔者系统总结了SVA检测方法及疫苗研发的最新进展，以期为SVA感染的防控提供参考依据。

Advance in Detection Methods and Vaccines of Senecavirus A

Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus (SVV), is a member of the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae.SVA mainly causes vesicular disease in pigs, which is similar to clinical symptoms such as foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and porcine vesicular disease, it can lead to acute death of newborn piglets and seriously affect the development of pig industry.Since the occurrence of SVA infection in Guangdong province in 2015, the disease has been reported in many provinces in China.At present, due to the lack of immune barrier against SVA in pigs in China and the strong infectivity of the disease, there is a potential risk of large-scale outbreak.How to effectively prevent and control SVA infection is an urgent problem to be solved.A variety of SVA diagnostic methods have been developed for early differential diagnosis under laboratory and field conditions.The isolation and identification of SVA, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry can be used to detect the existence of pathogens and their relationship with morphological changes in tissues.Serological diagnostic methods include indirect ELISA based on different structural proteins, competitive ELISA, homogeneous photoluminescence immunoassay and virus neutralization test.The detection of antibodies by immunological methods is helpful to understand the process of SVA infection and is the main means of clinical diagnosis.Virus nucleic acid detection methods mainly include PCR technology, isothermal amplification technology, genome sequencing and other molecular biological technologies, which play an important role in the early rapid detection of virus infection and the detection of new viruses.At present, there is still no commercial vaccine to prevent SVA infection, but researchers have developed a variety of potential candidate vaccines such as inactivated vaccine, attenuated vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine and subunit vaccine.The author systematically summarized the latest progress of SVA detection methods and vaccine research and development, in order to provide reference basis for the prevention and control of SVA infection.