入侵植物黄花刺茄(Solanum rostratum Dunal.)在新疆的分布及其群落特点

黄花刺茄原产北美,2005年首次在新疆乌鲁木齐县萨尔达坂乡和昌吉市三工镇发现。采用样方法,对不同生境中黄花刺茄分布相对集中的14个样地所有物种的多度、频度和重要值进行观测和分析,进一步明确黄花刺茄在新疆的分布区及其群落特征,并揭示其最适生境。结果表明：黄花刺茄分布于新疆乌鲁木齐市(县)、昌吉市、石河子市、吐鲁番市和托克逊县,分布在海拔-12～1 325 m处。生境类型包括荒漠草原、荒漠和绿洲。在3种生境中,黄花刺茄的相对多度均处于首位,且在绿洲中达到最大值,是入侵区域最为重要的物种;在相对盖度上均为第一,且绿洲(54.27％)＞荒漠草原(35.07％)＞荒漠(26.40％)。基于重要值数据的分析表明,黄花刺茄在3种生境中的综合适应力均最大,且以绿洲中尤为突出,表明黄花刺茄在新疆荒漠草原和荒漠生境中尚处于局部危害阶段,但在绿洲中已处于蔓延期。

Distribution and Community Characteristics of Invasive Solanum rostratum Dunal. in Xinjiang

Solanum rostratum is a native species in North America. However, it was firstly found in Saldaban Township of Urumqi County and Sangong Town of Changji City, Xinjiang, China in 2005. In this paper, about 40 cities and counties in both north Xinjiang and south Xinjiang, where S. rostratum grows probably, were investigated. Some sample plots were delimited to observe and analyze the abundance, frequentness and important values of S. rostratum in the 14 well concentrated sample plots in different habitats. Thus, the distribution areas and community characteristics of S. rostratum in Xinjiang were identified, and the optimum habitats of this species were determined. The results indicated that S. rostratum distributed in Urumqi City (County), Changji City, Shihezi City, Turpan City and Toksun County of Xinjiang. The altitude of its distribution areas ranged from -12 to 132 5 m a. s. l. The types of its habitats included the desert steppe, desert and oasis. In the three habitats, the relative abundance of S. rostratum was the highest among all the plant species, and its maximum value occurred in an oasis. Thus it was considered that S. rostratum was the most important species in the invaded areas. Moreover, the relative coverage of S. rostratum was the highest in all the plant species, and it was in an order of oasis (54.27％)＞desert steppe (35.07％)＞desert (26.40％). The analyzed results of important values of S. rostratum indicated that the comprehensive adaptability of this species was the highest in the three habitats, particularly in the oasis. In conclusion, S. rostratum was still in partial endangerment in desert steppe and desert in Xinjiang, but it spread almost in the whole oasis.