吉林省向日葵菌核病综合防治措施研究及大面积应用效果

在重茬4年的重病地块晚播(5月20日—25日)向日葵,其花腐型菌核病比正常播期(4月25日)减少90％以上,而产量提高13％—30％。在农村扩大示范,晚播(5月19日)减少病害59％—75％,产量提高35％。在盛花期—成熟期喷2—3次50％速克灵500倍液可大大减轻花腐型菌核病的发生(防治效果65.9％—92.3％)。经筛选以速克灵(0.5％)拌种防治根腐型菌核病效果最好,在温室中对土壤和种子中的病菌防治效果达83％以上,小区试验和农村示范防治效果达55.8％—100％。土壤中增施钾肥可提高植株抗病力,减轻发病。1990年在吉林省农安、长岭2县8533ha采用晚播、轮作2年以上、种子处理、增施钾肥、盛花期—成熟期喷药的一套综合防治措施,重点调查10块对比田,花腐型菌核病平均防治效果为87.62％(63.38％—100％),对根腐型菌核病防治效果平均为66.77％(50.0％—82.57％)。1991年在长岭、农安等6个主产区推广6.37万ha,重点调查134块对比田,花腐型菌核病防治效果平均为75.86％(46.37％—100％),根腐型菌核病平均防治效果为65.11％(33.33％—100％),增产增收显著。

STUDY ON INTEGRATED CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM OF SUNFLOWER IN JILIN PROVINCE

In four years continuous cropping and seriously diseased area, delaying of the sowing time made the head rot due to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of sunflower to decrease by 90% over the routine sowing time,and made the yield to increase by 13% -30% too . In the large area extended application of delayed sowing time the disease incidence decreased 59%- 75%, and the yield increased 35%. Spraying 50% sumilex diluted 500 times at flowering to mature periods the head rot type incidence markedly(the control effect was 65. 9% -92. 3%). Seed dressing with 0. 5% sumilex got the best effect on root rot type. In greenhouse the effectiveness was more than 83% in both soil and seed treatments. In plot tests and large area use of sumilex in villages, the effects were 55. 8% -100%. Increasing K could increase the resistance of sunflowers and decrease the disease incidence. In 1990, in Nong' an and Changling County, application of integrated control which contained delayed sowing,increase of K, spraying fungicide at flowering to mature periods, rotation of more than 2 years,and seed treatment on 8. 5 thousand ha,the average effect of control was 87. 62% (to head rot type) and 66. 77% (to root rot type). In 1991, in six counties to extend the integrated control on 63. 7 thousand ha. ,the average effect of control was 75. 86% (to head rot type) and 65. 11 % (to root rot type),and the yield obviously increased.