有机磷类杀虫剂对非靶标水生动物的毒性机制研究进展

有机磷类杀虫剂对水域的污染已经对水生动物的生存构成严重威胁。该类农药的分子结构特征决定了其作用机制主要是通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性而对动物产生神经毒性，但仅此还不能解释此类杀虫剂暴露对动物机体所产生的多种毒性效应。大量研究表明，有机磷类杀虫剂除通过对AChE的干扰而对非靶标水生动物机体产生神经毒性并导致其行为异常外，还可作为内分泌干扰物（EEDs）对动物的生殖、发育和内分泌产生干扰作用，诱发机体的氧化应激过程、造成DNA损伤、导致遗传毒性及免疫功能下降等多种毒性效应。文章综述了有机磷类杀虫剂暴露对不同水生动物个体及种群发育的毒性作用，包括对神经功能以及行为的影响，对内分泌、生殖和发育的干扰及对氧化应激、DNA损伤、遗传毒性和免疫功能的影响等方面的研究进展，尝试分析了此类杀虫剂对非靶标水生动物的毒性机制并对相关领域研究发展进行了思考。

Review on toxic mechanisms of organophosphate insecticides towards non-target aquatilia

Organophosphate insecticides (OPs) in aquatic environmental contaminants have become a threat toward non-targeted aquatilia species. OPs compounds bear a general core structure, exerting their toxic effects primarily via the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, only this canonical mechanism (cholinesterase-based) cannot explain the wide-variety of adverse consequences caused by the OPs exposure. The inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes plays a key role in the toxicology of OPs, which is associated with neurobehavioral abnormal. Furthermore, as endocrine disruptors, OPs not only induced changes in endocrine systems, but also caused changes in the reproductive system and sex differentiation. Oxidative stress induced by the OPs exposure could lead to genotoxic effects and subsequent damage to DNA formation and immunological responses, which would result in the outbreak of different toxic manifestations. This paper reviews the literature on the toxic mechanisms of OPs towards non-target aquatilia organisms that might affect such fundamental processes (development, growth and population) and includes neurobehavioral effects, endocrine-disrupting actions, reproductive system and sex differentiation changes, oxidative stress, DNA damage, genotoxic effects and immunological responses. The research fields of these OPs that warrant further attentions were also discussed.