4种苦参碱制品对非靶标生物的毒性评价

非靶标生物毒性评价是新农药开发应用的重要基础工作。为推进植物源农药苦参碱的科学合理使用，本研究评价并比较了苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对生态环境中非靶标生物 (鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、蝌蚪、斑马鱼) 的毒性及农作物 (豇豆) 对其的敏感性。结果表明:苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、蝌蚪和斑马鱼的急性毒性均为低毒，对豇豆属于低风险性，且0.3%苦参碱水剂对家蚕无慢性毒性；但不同苦参碱制品对同种非靶标生物的毒性存在较大差异，苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对鹌鹑的7 d-LD₅₀值 (均为有效成分，下同) 分别为512、504、>1 000和 >3 000 mg/kg_鹌鹑；对家蚕的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为 >3 000、1 300、>5 000和821 mg/L；对蜜蜂的48 h-LC₅₀值分别为1 145、1 361、>3 000和337 mg/L；对蚯蚓的14 d-LC₅₀值分别为549、428、564和 >1 000 mg/kg_土壤；对蝌蚪的48 h-LC₅₀值分别为 >100、>100、263和15 mg/L；对斑马鱼的96 h-LC₅₀分别为85、65、193和20 mg/L；其中苦参乙醇浸膏的毒性最低。可见，苦参碱制品对环境生物较为安全，具有良好的生态效益。

Toxicity evaluation of 4 matrine-based products on non-target organisms

Environmental safety assessment of non-tartarget organisms is essential for the development and application of new pesticides. In order to guide the rational use of matrine-based botanical pesticide products, the toxicities of 4 matrine-based products (matrine, total alkaloid, mtrine extract and 0.3% matrine AS) on 6 kinds of non-target organism and the effect of succeeding crop (cowpea) were investigated and compared. The results indicated that the acute toxicities of matrine, total alkaloid, mtrine extract and 0.3% matrine AS were low for quail, silkworm, bee, earthworm, tadpole and zebra fish. And these products were also low risk to cowpea. 0.3% Matrine AS has no chronic toxicity to the silkworm. But there were significant differences among toxicities of different products on the same species.The 7 d-LD₅₀ value of matrine, total alkaloid, mtrine extract and 0.3% matrine AS were 512, 504, >1 000 and >3 000 mg a.i./kg_quail on quail, respectively; >3 000, 1 300, >5 000 and 821 mg a.i./L on silkworm (96 h-LC₅₀), respectively; 1 145, 1 361, >3 000 and 337 mg a.i./L on bee(48 h-LC₅₀), respectively; 549, 428, 564 and >1 000 mg a.i./kg _soil on earthworm(14 d-LC₅₀), respectively; >100, >100, 263 and 15 mg a.i./L on tadpole(48 h-LC₅₀), respectively; and 85, 65, 193 and 20 mg a.i./L on zebra fish(96 h-LC₅₀), respectively. Among 4 products, mtrine extract had the lowest toxicity. Thus, matrine-based products are safe to non-target organisms, and will exhibit good ecological benefits in field application.