基于RS与GIS的湿地保护有效性分析——以向海自然保护区为例

向海自然保护区是以保护丹顶鹤等珍稀水禽和蒙古黄榆为主的国家级湿地自然保护区,具有重要的国际地位与作用。但是,湿地资源的退化现状使得人们对于保护区的有效性产生了疑问。本研究借助RS与GIS技术,利用1954年、1986年和2004年的土地利用数据,对比分析了向海自然保护区建立前后、保护区内各功能区、保护区及其周边区域的湿地资源动态变化,另外,结合保护区野外调查资料,探讨了湿地生境退化对鹤类等珍稀水禽迁徙及繁殖数量变化的影响。结果表明:保护区建立后湿地损失速度有所减缓,但仍保持减少的趋势;核心区内湿地得到了较好的保护,对实验区与缓冲区的保护作用较弱;与其周边区域相比,保护区内湿地资源的时空动态变化显著;鹤类等珍稀水禽种群数量随着湿地面积的萎缩而迅速减少。区域气候环境变化是导致湿地退化的主要原因,人为活动干扰以及保护区自身建设与管理中存在的问题是影响保护区对湿地资源发挥有效保护作用的主导因素。

Analysis on the Effectiveness for the Wetland Protection Based on RS and GIS——Taking Xianghai National Nature Reserve As an Example

The Xianghai National Nature Reserve located in the northwest of Jilin Province, Northeast China is one of the most important protected areas in China.Xianghai wetland performs great ecological,economic and social functions for local region.However,under the natural and human influences,Xianghai wetlands appeared remarkable degradation and the areal shrink.And now whether the natural reserve has effectively protected the special habitat is not very clear.In this paper, based on RS and GIS,the areal changes and dynamic degree were compared between before and after the construction of protected area,different function zones,inside and outside the protected area by using land use data in 1954,1986 and 2004.The results showed that wetland underwent losses in all periods,but after the construction of protected area the decreasing rate was slowed down.The effectiveness of protecting Wetland in core area was better than that in buffer and experimental areas.Compared with three buffers outside the protected area,wetland in Xianghai NNR had more obviously spatial-temporal changes.Otherwise,the number of waterbirds also decreased along with the reduction of wetlands.The climate conditions degeneration,population growth,farmland increase and the insufficiencies in construction and management of protected area were the main reasons of the weak effectiveness for protecting wetland in Xianghai NNR.Finally,this study provided some recommendations for regional wetland protection and suggestions for regional sustainable development.