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农药有效利用率与喷雾技术优化
引用本文:袁会珠,杨代斌,闫晓静,张琳娜.农药有效利用率与喷雾技术优化[J].植物保护,2011,37(5):14-20.
作者姓名:袁会珠  杨代斌  闫晓静  张琳娜
作者单位:中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,农业部作物有害生物综合治理综合性重点实验室,北京100193
摘    要:提高农药的有效利用率是植保工作者非常关心的问题。本文阐述了农药有效利用率的广义和狭义涵义,并分析了农药使用中存在的药剂浪费、有效利用率低的问题。根据喷雾技术中的“剂量传递”过程,分析了农药有效利用率的狭义涵义,在春季果园和作物苗期,常规喷雾法的农药有效利用率只有20%~30%;在夏秋季果园和作物中后期,随着作物叶面积系数(LAI)的增加,农药的有效利用率可达到50%~60%。论文分析了造成农药有效利用率低的原因,提出喷雾技术的优化措施:(1)大田喷雾时采用机动喷杆喷雾替代背负式手动常规喷雾,可以改善雾滴沉积分布的均匀性;(2)添加喷雾助剂可以提高药液在靶标表面的润湿性;(3)优化雾滴粒径,采用细雾滴替代粗雾滴可以提高雾滴的中靶率;(4)降低施药液量可以减少药液流失;(5)加装挡板可以减少雾滴飘失等。通过以上技术的优化,可以大幅度提高农药的有效利用率,达到减量增效的目的。

关 键 词:农药使用  剂量传递  有效利用率  喷雾技术优化

Pesticide efficiency and the way to optimize the spray application
Yuan Huizhu,Yang Daibin,Yan Xiaojing,Zhang Linna.Pesticide efficiency and the way to optimize the spray application[J].Plant Protection,2011,37(5):14-20.
Authors:Yuan Huizhu  Yang Daibin  Yan Xiaojing  Zhang Linna
Institution:Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing100193, China
Abstract:How to improve the efficiencies of pesticides is most concerned in plant protection. The efficiency of pesticide in broad and narrow sense was defined in this paper. According to dose delivery process in foliar spray, for conventional spray, pesticide efficiencies were approximately 20%-30% in spring orchards and fields where seedlings grow, while the pesticide efficiencies amounted to 50%-60% in summer orchards and fields when the crops were at full leaf stage. The authors figured out the reasons that led to low pesticide efficiencies. It was demonstrated that spray boom can better the uniformity of droplet deposition and lower the run off of pesticide solutions comparing the manual spray, and spiking spray adjuvants can improve the wetability of droplets on targeted crop surface, and spraying small droplets can benefit the deposits of pesticides on targeted crop surface and reduce the drift of droplets. Consequently, those optimized spray techniques can significantly improve the pesticide efficiencies and efficacies while reduce the pesticide dosage at the same time.
Keywords:pesticide application  dose delivery  pesticide efficiency  optimization of spray application
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