近10年油菜主要病虫害发生危害情况的统计和分析

2007-2016年,我国油菜种植面积逐年增加,尤其近三年均超过753万hm2,种植制度调整、观赏型油菜与高产型油菜间隔种植、病虫害抗药性增强以及气候异常等因素导致我国油菜病虫害总体处于重发状态,防控压力大。近10年油菜各类病虫害年发生面积在721.18万~881.74万hm2次,防治面积在686.18万~982.28万hm2次,通过防治年均挽回油菜损失98.34万t,占全国油菜总产的7.25%;年均实际损失28.09万t,占全国油菜总产的2.07%。影响全国油菜生产的最为重要的10种病虫害依次为油菜菌核病、油菜蚜虫、油菜霜霉病、小菜蛾、油菜甲虫(叶甲科和露尾甲科甲虫,下同)、油菜茎象甲、油菜病毒病、地下害虫、菜粉蝶和油菜白锈病,以总损失计,比例分别为55.60%、23.44%、9.51%、2.87%、2.43%、1.69%、1.58%、1.53%、0.86%和0.50%。对油菜生产威胁最大的病虫害是油菜菌核病和油菜蚜虫。本文用大量翔实的历史数据统计分析了近10年来油菜主要病虫害造成的危害损失和暴发危害情况,为油菜病虫害的监测预警及防治工作提供参考。

Statistics and analysis of oilseed rape losses caused by main diseases and insect pests in recent 10 years

The planting area of oilseed rape has been increasing year by year in China, especially in the past three years, with more than 7.53 million hm2. Over the past 10 years, oilseed rape has suffered from severe diseases and pests with the adjustment of planting system, interval planting of ornamental rapeseed and high-yield rape, enhanced insecticide resistance and abnormal climate. Average affected area ranged from 7.211 8 million to 8.817 4 million hm2 per year, and the controlled area ranged from 6.861 8 million to 9.822 8 million hm2. Annual saved canola output reached 983.4 thousand tons, accounting for 7.25% of national total canola output. Annual actual canola loss was 280.9 thousand tons, accounting for 2.07% of national total canola output. There are 10 diseases and pests which always cause serious damage to canola. They accounted for 55.60%, 23.44%, 9.51%, 2.87%, 2.43%, 1.69%, 1.58%, 1.53%, 0.86% and 0.50% of the total loss, respectively. Rape sclerotiniose and aphids caused the most serious damage among all the canola diseases and pests. This paper analyzed and summarized the occurrence and canola loss caused by canola diseases and pests using abundant data, which could provide a reference for monitoring and early warning and prevention and control of rape diseases and insect pests.