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Colouring ornamental fish (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus) with microalgal biomass
Authors:L Gouveia  P Rema  O Pereira  & J Empis
Institution:Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial, INETI, DER. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Edifício G, Lisboa, Portugal;;Departamento Zootecnia, Secção Piscicultura, Universidade de Trás-os- Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Apartado, Vila Real, Portugal;;Centro de Eng Biológica e Química, IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract:Koi carp and goldfish value increases with intensity of skin colour, which is an important quality criterion. Fish cannot fully synthesize their own carotenoid colourings and these must therefore be included in their diet. Two trials were undertaken to investigate skin colour enhancement in ornamental species (i.e. three chromatic varieties of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), namely Kawari (red), Showa (black and red) and Bekko (black and white) and goldfish (Carassius auratus)) by feeding a dietary carotenoid supplement of freshwater microalgal biomass Chlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis, and also the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina)], using a diet containing synthetic astaxanthin and a control diet with no colouring added for comparison. In the first trial, five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 juvenile koi carp (C. carpio) (initial mean body weight 24.6 ± 0.7 g) were fed, for 10 weeks, one of the four diets containing 80 mg colouring/kg diet. In the second trial, this procedure was repeated for five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 goldfish (C. auratus) (initial mean body weight of 0.9 ± 0.1 g). Initial and final samples of skin along the dorsal fin were withdrawn, from five fish per group, for subsequent analysis of total carotenoid content (spectrophotometric analysis), and red hue (colorimetric analysis, CIE (1976) L* a* b* colour system). Growth and feed efficiency were not significantly different between groups administered by the various dietary treatments. In both trials, dietary carotenoid supplementation increased total skin carotenoid content. The more efficient colouring for koi carps was found to be C. vulgaris biomass, providing both maximum total carotenoid deposition and red hue for the three chromatic koi carp varieties studied, and particularly for the kawari variety. For goldfish the best colouring obtained, as ascertained by total carotenoid content, was also achieved using C. vulgaris biomass, and red hue was maximum when using H. pluvialis biomass.
Keywords:Arthrospira maxima            (          Spirulina          )                        Carassius auratus                        Chlorella vulgaris            colouring  pigmentation              Cyprinus carpio                        Haematococcus pluvialis
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