亚马逊流域玛代拉河Santo Antonio 鱼道设计与建设的启示

Santo Antonio过鱼设施位于亚马逊河最大支流玛代拉河下游，其设计规模宏大，在世界范围内鲜有，并且工程建设地所在区域水文环境和鱼类生物学特征等与我国长江较为类似，通过分析该过鱼设施，得出启示主要包括：（1）过鱼设施是为生物对象设计的水利工程，其设计和建设过程中必须由工程师和生物学家紧密合作；（2）吸引水流对过鱼设施的成败起关键性作用，虽然吸引水流系统需要加大投资并且运行过程中会损失大量的水能，但从确保过鱼设施效果而言是非常必要的；（3）物理模型对于鱼道进口位置，鱼道内部水力学特征的确定等具有重要参考价值，尤其在1:1局部模型内开展的生物学实验是细化和优化鱼道内部结构细节的有效方法；（4）卵石框(石笼）隔板的水池分隔方法兼具水池式鱼道与仿自然通道的双重特征，并且完工后还可以根据鱼道的运行情况灵活调整，非常方便；（5）进口处采用较高的人字闸门，即可适应尾水变化，又可与吸引水流系统相配合，创造出有效的吸引水流，一举多得；（6）全部采用大功率灯泡式水轮机是保护下行鱼类的有效措施；（7）监测系统和公众教育等配套设施的建设非常必要，有利于改进鱼道运行方式和提高过鱼效率。

Implications from the Design and Construction of Santo Antonio Fishway in the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin

The Santo Antonio Fishway , which was located in the downstream area of the Madeira River in the Amazon Basin, had so large-scale design that it was very rare in the world. Besides that, the hydrological environment and biological characteristics of the fish pass related were very similar to that of the Yangtze River, which could take as a good example for us in the Yangtze River . By thorough analysing the fish pass facilities , some good suggestions could be summarized as follow. 1) The fish pass was a water conservancy project designed for biological objects, so its design and construction need the close co-operation of engineers and biologists.2) Catching the flow played a critical role to the success of the fish pass, although the use of catch flow need big invest and would lose some water energy , however, it was a key factor to ensure the effectiveness of the fish pass. 3) Physical model had important reference value for ensuring the design of entrance locations, interior hydraulic structure, etc., Especially the biology experiment , which had done within 1:1 partial model , was an effective method for detailing and optimizing the details of th inner fishway structure. 4) Gabion baffles made the channel possess the advantages of poor fishway and nature-like fishway, and could be adjusted even after the project finished, so it was very useful and convenient.5) The higher miter gates at the entrance, not only could adapt the variation of the tail water, but also could match the system of catching flow. 6) The application of high-power bulb turbines was a good way to protect the downstream fishes. 7) Monitoring system and public education facilities were necessary , they were also very useful to improve the operation methods and efficiency of the fish pass.