国外发展中国家水产养殖中的环境问题

对调查所获的亚洲、非洲和南美洲的20个国外发展中国家最常见的水产养殖状况、所产生的不利影响和急需的对策支持等数据进行了分析。结果显示,目前的养殖品种至少有90种,表现出较高的多样性。亚洲的水产养殖活动最为明显。除泰国外,所有国家的食粮型养殖品种均高于商业型养殖品种。水产养殖带来的对环境最主要的不利影响为废水污染、环境破坏、药物残留和亲苗掠夺;逃逸灾害、疾病扩散、饵鱼滥捕和生物误捕次之。为消除这些不利影响,这些发展中国家迫切需要在技术更新、科学研究、教育培训和政策扶持等对策方面得到有效的支持。

Environment impacts of aquaculture in foreign developing countries

Recent questionnaire data, from trainees of 20 foreign developing countries of Asia, Africa and Southern America in 2004 Training Course for Integrated Fish Farming of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) program, were analyzed on most common aquaculture species, environmental impacts from aquaculture and needed strategies for elimination of the impacts. Results suggested that there was great diversity of species in aquaculture activities in the countries studied and about 90 species were recorded including fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, sea weeds and so on. Species in traditional food aquaculture was more than those in recent business aquaculture in every country except for Thailand. The most significant environmental impacts seemed to be effluent, habitat destruction, chemicals, and heavy fishing of natural parent fishes and fries. Those of biological pollution by escapees, transportation of diseases, high pressure on pelagic fish, and by-catch took a second place rank. Effective strategies for elimination of these impacts are urgently necessary in mechanism research, alternative technology, relevant education system and supportive policy for the developing countries in the present study.