国内外海洋牧场发展历程与定义分类概述

海洋牧场是国内外长期广泛应用的海洋渔业发展举措。本文对国内外海洋牧场发展情况以及已有定义、分类情况进行了总结和分析。国外普遍将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场,从20世纪40年代以来人工鱼礁已从较单纯的聚鱼功能,拓展为海洋牧场生境保护和修复功能,目标是渔业资源增殖和利用。东北亚国家如日本、韩国建设人工鱼礁的目标是大规模增殖、聚集和捕获渔业资源;欧美诸多国家建设人工鱼礁主要是为了增殖保护渔业资源和开发休闲渔业。国外以渔业资源增殖为主旨的海洋牧场建设成败皆有,成功的方面仍值得中国借鉴。国外对海洋牧场定义和分类的数量较少,定义的提出和使用相对严谨。多年来,中国高度重视海洋牧场建设,将其作为水生生物资源养护、渔民转产转业和海洋生态文明建设的重要手段加以扶持。海洋牧场在建设规模、产出效果、技术水平、发展机制等方面取得了巨大进步。但由于起步较晚,产业和科技总体上仍处于初级阶段,存在一系列问题亟待解决。在20世纪60年代至70年代,国内学者提出海洋牧场和海洋农牧化概念,并将二者进行了区分,其后诸多学者也将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场。近年来国内海洋牧场发展迅速,但海洋牧场定义不够规范,数量繁多、含义空泛、严谨性不足。最后,本文就海洋牧场发展趋势、发展理念、目标定位、建设内容、研究支撑等方面进行了总结和展望,认为实事求是并理性把握好现阶段海洋牧场的发展理念、定位、内容和目标,加强对农业农村部现有海洋牧场水产行业标准的宣传尤其是定义和分类的宣传,引导海洋牧场研究和建设工作有序开展,对于切实有效支撑海洋牧场健康发展十分重要。

Review on development, definition and classification of marine ranching in domestic and overseas

Marine ranching is a long-term and world-widely used marine fishery development measure. This paper reviewed the development of marine ranching around the world as well as the existing definitions and classifications. Abroad, fishery resources enhancement is generally regarded as marine ranching. Since the 1940s, the artificial reef has expanded from the simple fish aggregation to the protection and restoration of marine ranching habitat, and aimed to the increase and utilization of fishery resources. In northeast Asian, such as Japan and South Korea, the objective of constructing artificial reefs is to increase, aggregate and catch fishery resources on large scales; and many countries in Europe and America build artificial reefs to increase and protect fishery resources and develop recreational fishery. Overall, the overseas marine ranching construction with fishery resources enhancement as the main purpose has both successes and failures, whereas the successful experience is worth our learning. The overseas definitions and classifications of marine ranching are in small number, the definition is presented and used in a more rigorous way. China paid much attention to the development of marine ranching in recent years, and supported it as an important means for aquatic biological resources conservation, fishermen industrial upgrading, and marine ecology civilization construction. Great progress has been made in the construction scale, output effect, technical level and development mechanism of marine ranching. However, the industry and sci-technology are still in the initial stage, and facing a series of problems to be solved urgently due to the late start. From 1960s to 1970s, Chinese scholars put forward the concepts of marine ranching and marine farming and ranching, and made a distinction between the two definitions. Subsequently, many scholars equated the enhancement of fishery resources with marine ranching. Recently, the development of marine ranching is rapid in China, but the definition of marine ranching is non-standard, such as numerous definitions, meaningless definitions, and lacking precise definitions. Finally, this paper summarized and prospected the development trend, development concept, target positioning, construction content, research support and other aspects of marine ranching. Grasping the development philosophy, positioning, content and goal of marine ranching rationally and practically, we should strengthen the publicity of the existing marine ranching industry standards, especially the definition and classification, and guide the orderly development of marine ranching research and construction work, which is the key for effectively supporting the healthy development of marine ranching.