鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展及应用前景

生殖细胞移植是指将供体的生殖细胞移植到同种或异种受体体内,供体生殖细胞嵌合到受体性腺,经过增殖、分化并最终发育为功能性配子的过程。作为辅助生殖技术,它不仅为珍稀濒危动物的繁育和保护提供了新途径,同时也为生殖干细胞的功能研究提供了有效手段。鱼类生殖细胞移植研究首先在模式鱼类斑马鱼中开展,经过十多年的发展,取得了一系列突破性的进展:主要包括先后建立了以胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼为受体的生殖细胞移植体系,精原和卵原干细胞的发现拓宽了供体生殖细胞的选择,受体的选择与制备方法的完善。该技术在缩短鱼类性成熟周期、性控育种、珍稀濒危鱼类保护等方面具有巨大的应用前景,已成功在多种淡水和海水鱼类中开展了研究和应用。本文结合作者的研究实践和经验,系统地梳理和总结了鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展,指出了该技术实践应用的关键问题,并探讨了其应用前景。

Progress and application prospect of germ cell transplantation technique in fish

Germ cell transplantation is a technique that donor germ cells successfully colonized into genital ridges of recipient, proliferate, differentiate and finally develop into functional donor gametes after they are transplanted into the body cavity of allogeneic or xenogeneic recipients. It is a powerful assisted reproductive technique for the conservation and propagation of the rare and endangered animals; meanwhile, it also provides an effective assay system for the functional analysis of germline stem cell. Germ cell transplantation in fish was first successfully performed in the model fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio); during the past decade, a series of breakthroughs have been achieved for this technique. Firstly, three types of fish germ cell transplantation have been established to produce donor-derived gametes by transplanting germ cells into recipients at diverse developmental stages, such as the blastula-stage embryos, newly hatched larvae, and adult fish. Secondly, the discovery of spermatogonia and oogonia stem cells has expanded the choice of donor germ cells. Thirdly, the method for selection and preparation of recipient has been improved. This technique has powerful applications in shortening the time of fish sexual maturity, sex control breeding and conservation of the rare and endangered fish, which has been studied and applied in a variety of teleost, including freshwater and marine fish. In this review, we systematically summarized the progress of germ cell transplantation in fish, pointed out the key points for the implementation of this technique, and discussed its promising application.