海洋牧场生态系统稳定性及其对干扰的响应—研究现状、问题及建议

海洋牧场建设是实现我国近海渔业资源恢复、生态系统和谐发展与蓝碳增汇的重要途径。近年来，在快速发展的同时也面临着诸多问题与挑战，极大制约了产业的健康发展。在海洋牧场建设过程中，关于生境营造和资源增殖的基础理论薄弱，对其生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力认识不清，尤其对小尺度海洋牧场生态系统的结构及其功能实现过程，以及生态承载力知之甚少。亟需针对其人工鱼礁等生境营造的环境效应和增殖放流的资源补充效应开展理论印证和定量研究，以充分认识这些人为扰动的双重性。本文查阅了相关文献90余篇，简要回顾了国内外关于人工鱼礁生境营造的水动力环境特征、生源要素迁移过程、生物群落构建机制和局地生态系统稳定性评价等方面的研究进展。强调了小尺度海洋牧场生态系统结构的复杂性与动态性，重点关注了鱼礁群布局对牧场海域水动力环境、沉积物和生源要素演变的影响，以及在增殖放流等人为扰动下生物群落的物种共存机制。围绕海洋牧场生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力等关键问题，从水动力驱动、生源要素表征、生物群落重建及生态系统健康等4个方面探讨了目前研究的不足与发展方向，以为海洋牧场人工鱼礁、海藻床等生境营造以及资源修复模式优化提供参考。

Ecosystem stability of marine ranching and its response to disturbance: research status, issues, and suggestions

Marine ranching is a fishing model based on the principle of ecosystem. It constructs or repairs habitats for marine organisms to reproduce, grow, feed or safe-keeping in specific sea areas through constructing artificial reefs and stock enhancement, proliferates and maintains fishery resources, improves the marine ecological environment, and achieves sustainable utilization of fishery resources. In recent years, while the marine ranching is developing rapidly, it is also facing many challenges, which greatly restricts its healthy development. In the process of constructing marine ranching, construction of habitat like artificial reefs, as well as stock enhancement, have played important roles in resource conservation and aquatic product output. They are also considered key to improve the marine ecological environment and achieve sustainable utilization of biological resources. However, the placement of artificial reefs and stock enhancement in marine ranching can bring a series of physical, chemical, and biological disturbances to the ecosystem. The effects and manifestations of these artificial disturbances are diverse, can they become the expected gain interference? Will inappropriate habitat construction or excessive stock enhancement reduce ecological carrying capacity, cause habitat degradation, and alter the composition of communities and carbon cycling patterns? The current basic theories on habitat construction and stock enhancement are weak, and the stability and anti-interference ability of their ecosystems are unclear. Especially, little is known about the structure and functional implementation process of small-scale marine ranching ecosystems, as well as their ecological carrying capacity. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out theoretical verification and quantitative research on the environmental effects of artificial reefs and other habitats, as well as the resource replenishment effects of stock enhancement, in order to fully understand the duality of these artificial disturbances. This article digs into over 90 relevant papers and briefly reviews the domestic and international advance on the effects of constructing artificial reef habitats in aspects of hydrodynamic characteristics, migration of biogenic elements, mechanism of community assembly, and ecosystem stability assessment. Emphasis was placed on the complexity and dynamics of the small-scale marine ranching ecosystem structure, with a focus on how the layout of artificial reefs affects the evolution of the hydrodynamic environment, sediment, and biogenic elements in the ranching areas, as well as the mechanisms of species coexistence under artificial disturbances such as stock enhancement. Focusing on key issues such as the stability and anti-interference ability of marine ranching ecosystems, this article explores the shortcomings and development directions of current researches from four aspects: hydrodynamic driving conditions, biogenic elements characterization, community assembly, and ecosystem health assessment. This provides a reference basis for the construction of artificial reefs, seaweed beds, and other ecological habitats in marine ranching, as well as the optimization of resource restoration models.