Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America

Disease problems have emerged as major constraints in aquaculture production. The prophylactic application of antibiotics is expensive and detrimental, i.e. selection of bacteria that are drug‐resistant or more virulent and the prevalence of drug residues in reared animals. Probiotics, which compete with bacterial pathogens for nutrients and/or inhibit the growth of pathogens, could be a valid alternative to the prophylactic application of chemicals. A mixture of specific Bacillus strains was designed following a research programme on the ability of numerous Bacillus strains to inhibit a range of pathogenic Vibrio strains, to grow under conditions prevailing in shrimp hatcheries and to degrade waste products. These strains were then included in bioassays and challenge tests in order to confirm the lack of toxin production and pathogenicity to humans, target organisms and the environment. Here, we report on the performance of a commercially available mixture of Bacillus strains (SANOLIFE^® MIC), using data from Asian and Latin‐American hatcheries, with Penaeus monodon (Fabricius 1798) and Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931). These results show that probiotics may be a suitable alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics. Obviously, minimizing the risk of vibriosis demands a multi‐disciplinary approach, including good hygiene and sanitation measures to reduce the input of potential pathogens, as well as a suitable farm management.