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Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review
Authors:Einar Ring  and Fran  ois-Joë  l Gatesoupe
Institution:

a Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Stakkevollveien 23 b, N-9005 Tromsø, Norway

b Unite mixte de Nutrition des Poissons INRA/IFREMER, IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Plouzane, France

Abstract:Fish are continuously exposed to a wide range of microorganisms present in the environment, and the microbiota of fish have been the subject of several reviews. This review evaluates lactic acid bacteria in fish, and focuses on the several investigations that have demonstrated that Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Carnobacterium belong to the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy fish. However, it is well known that the population level of lactic acid bacteria associated with the digestive tract is affected by nutritional and environmental factors like dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, chromic oxide, stress and salinity. Pathogenic lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart and spleen. Some antibiotic treatments and vaccinations have been proposed to cure or prevent these diseases that seem, however, to spread with the development of fish culture. It has also been reported that some lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish can act as probiotics. These candidates are able to colonise the gut, and act antagonistic against Gram-negative fish pathogens. These harmless bacteriocin-producing strains may reduce the need to use antibiotics in future aquaculture.
Keywords:Fish  Gastrointestinal microbiota  Lactic acid bacteria  Probiotic  Pathogen
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