Spatiotemporal distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with intact and blocked olfactory sense during the spawning season in a Norwegian fjord with intensive salmon farming |
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| Authors: | Pål Arne Bjørn Ingebrigt Uglem Sven Kerwath Bjørn-Steinar Sæther Rune Nilsen |
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| Institution: | 1. Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9–13, P.O. Box 6122, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway;2. Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, No-7485 Trondheim, Norway;1. Marine Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, PO Box 1390, 121 Reykjavik, Iceland;2. Reykjavik University, School of Science and Engineering, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;1. Institute of Marine Research, Postbox 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;2. Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, N-4817 His, Norway;1. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0266, USA;1. Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;2. Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO), 6 Knipovich Street, Murmansk 183038, Russia;3. Institute of Marine Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, P.O. Box 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;4. Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway;5. Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, N-4817 His, Norway;6. University of Agder, P.O. Box 422, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway;7. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway;1. The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael''s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada;2. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King''s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;3. Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;4. Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada;5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Joseph''s Health Centre, 30 Queensway, Ontario M6R 1B5, Canada;6. Department of Surgery, St. Michael''s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada;7. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece |
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| Abstract: | In several areas along the Norwegian coast local fishermen claim that wild migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) have changed their spawning migratory behaviour following establishment of salmon farms, and no longer enter their natural spawning grounds in the fjords. This has created a heated debate in Norway and, in some areas, passed down a moratorium on establishing new salmon farms. Research has so far not been able to show a causal connection, but it has been suggested that water-soluble odorants from high density salmon stocks in commercial fish farms might be responsible for the avoidance of areas with fish farming and abandonment of nearby traditional spawning grounds. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by studying the spatiotemporal distribution of wild migrating cod tagged with acoustic transmitters using an array of automatic listening stations in Øksfjord, a Norwegian fjord with intensive fish farming and traditional spawning grounds for cod. The tagged cod were released either in the outer parts of Øksfjord, i.e. in the area they were caught, or in the inner part of the fjord close to their traditional spawning areas. The olfactory sense was physically blocked for 50% of the fish. Only one cod released in the outer part of the fjord visited the traditional spawning grounds. The majority of the cod that were released in the inner part of the fjord remained in this area for approximately three weeks before they left the fjord. There were no differences in spatiotemporal distribution between cod with intact and cod with blocked olfactory sense. Thus, the results provided no evidence that migrating wild cod avoid areas with fish farming as a response to odorants, but the results do not per se contradict the fishermen's observation that coastal cod have changed their migratory pattern in this fjord. |
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