山地果园管道自动喷雾系统设计与试验

基于管道的自动喷雾技术及设施可以解决山地果园植保作业中喷雾作业效率低、劳动强度大、移动式喷雾机械难以进入的问题。本研究设计了适用于山地果园的管道自动喷雾系统，主要包括喷雾首部、喷雾管道、自动喷雾控制器及喷雾小组等结构，计算了山地果园管道药液压力损失，研制了自动喷雾控制器，并开发了控制程序。喷雾作业时，喷雾首部将药液经管道引入果园，利用自动喷雾控制器控制电磁阀，逐次打开或关闭喷雾小组，实现手动控制或自动控制喷雾。为确定电磁阀持续开通时间，进行了喷雾有效性试验。结果表明，控制喷雾小组的电磁阀持续开通8 s即可保证喷雾的有效性；采用这种管道自动喷雾设施的喷雾作业效率为2.61 hm²/h，与人工喷雾相比，提高了喷雾作业的效率。本研究可为山地果园的喷雾技术及智能施药设施的研发提供参考和思路。

Automatic Spraying Technology and Facilities for Pipeline Spraying in Mountainous Orchards

The orchard in the mountainous area is rugged and steep, and there is no road for large-scale plant protection machinery traveling in the orchard, so it is difficult for mobile spraying machinery to enter. In order to solve the above problems, the automatic pipeline spraying technology and facilities were studied. A pipeline automatic spraying facility suitable for mountainous orchards was designed, which included spraying head, field spraying pipeline, automatic spraying controller and spraying groups. The spraying head was composed of a spraying unit and a constant pressure control system, which pressurized the pesticide liquid and stabilized the liquid pressure according to the preset pressure value to ensure a better atomization effect. Field spraying pipeline consisted of main pipeline, valves and spraying groups. In order to perform automatic spraying, a solenoid valve was installed between the main pipeline and each spraying group, and the automatic spraying operation of each spraying group was controlled automatically by the opening or closing of the solenoid valve. An automatic spraying controller composed of main controller, solenoid valve driving circuit, solenoid valve controlling node and power supplying unit was developed, and the controlling software was also programmed in this research. The main controller had manual and automatic two working modes. The solenoid valve controlling node was used to send wireless signals to the main controller and receive wireless signals from the main controller, and open or close the corresponding solenoid valve according to the received control signal. During the spraying operation, the pesticide liquid flowed into the orchard from the spray head through the pipeline. The automatic spray controller was used to control the solenoid valve to open or close the spray group one by one, and implement manual control or automatic control of spraying. In order to determine the continuous opening time of the solenoid valve, an effectiveness of the spray test was carried out. The spraying test results showed that spraying effectiveness could be guaranteed by opening solenoid valve for 8 s continuously. The efficiency of this pipeline automatic spraying facility was 2.61 hm²/h, which was 45－150 times that of manual spraying, and 2.1 times that of unmanned aerial vehicle spraying. The automatic pipeline spraying technology in mountainous orchards had obvious advantages in the timeliness of pest controlling. This research can provide references and ideas for the development of spray technology and intelligent spraying facilities in mountainous orchards.