不同灌溉方式对冬小麦生长发育及水分利用效率的影响

为了确定山西省晋南地区冬小麦高产高效的节水灌溉模式,采用田间小区试验,研究了微喷灌(MSI)、滴灌(SDI)和传统漫灌(CK)3种灌溉方式对冬小麦不同生育期的土壤水分变化、生长性状、产量和水分利用效率的影响。其中SDI处理和MSI处理生育期灌水3次,分别为越冬期(12月9日)、拔节期(4月1日)、灌浆期(5月20日),每次灌水量为600 m~3/hm~2;CK按当地灌水习惯,于越冬期和拔节期灌水,每次灌水量为2 250 m~3/hm~2。结果表明,各处理越冬期0~100 cm土层土壤含水率没有明显差异,灌浆期0~80 cm土层土壤含水率表现为SDI处理MSI处理CK,MSI处理、SDI处理灌浆期灌水,可满足灌浆期对水分需求,促进籽粒灌浆;与CK相比,SDI处理与MSI处理可以明显增加单株分蘖数和总茎数、促进群体生长,显著增加冬小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量,因而显著提高了籽粒产量。与CK相比,MSI处理穗粒数、千粒质量分别提高16.54%、5.21%,SDI处理穗粒数、千粒质量分别提高9.10%、11.78%,MSI、SDI处理籽粒产量分别增加了2.79%、3.35%;同时,SDI处理与MSI处理冬小麦生育期的耗水总量分别减少43.88%和41.64%,水分利用效率分别提高了83.15%和77.09%。因此,在山西临汾盆地采用微喷与滴灌可以取得明显的节水高产效果。

Effect of Irrigation Methods on Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

A field plot experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy ofdifferent irrigation methods in achieving high yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in south of Shanxi Province. We examined micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and flooding irrigation (CK). The soil moisture dynamics, plant growth traits, yield and water use efficiency under each irrigation were measured. In the sprinkler and sur-face drip irrigation, we watered the crop at wintering period (9 December 2015), elongation stage (1 April 2016) and grain-filling stage (20 May 2016), each with 600 m3/hm2 of water, while in the flooding irrigation, we wa-tered the crop twice, one at the wintering stage and the other one at the elongation stage, each with 2250 m3/hm2 of water. The results showed that there was no noticeable difference between soil moisture content in the 0~100 cm of soil during the wintering period under different irrigations, and that the difference emerged at the filling stage with the moisture content in 0~80 cm of soil decreasing in the order of SDI>MSI>CK. The MSI and DSI treatment met the demand of crop for water at the filling stage. Compared with CK, MSI and SDI increased the tillering number per plant and population culm number, promoting population growth, mature spike number, spike grain number and thousand-seed weight; these led to an increase in yield. Compared with CK, MSI in-creased spike grain number and thousand-seed weight by 16.54%and 5.21%respectively, and SDI increased by 10%and 11.78%respectively. MSI and SDI increased yield by 2.79%and 3.35%, while reduced water consump-tion by 43.88%and 41.64%respectively, leading toan increase in water use efficiency by 83.15%and 77.09%re-spectively. In summary, micro-sprinkler and surface drip irrigationscan save water without scarifying winter wheat yield in southern Shanxi Province.