北方超级粳稻育种研究进展与前景

从育种理论、育种技术及新品种选育等方面,综合评述了中国北方超级粳稻育种研究的进展与前景,认为培育和推广超级稻是继株型育种和杂交稻之后,提高北方粳稻综合生产能力,实现北方水稻生产跨越式发展的重要途径。在“利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势,通过回交或复交优化性状组配,聚合有利基因,进而选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻”育种理论与技术路线确立之后,常规超级梗稻育种已取得了重大突破,成功地培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种并已广泛应用于生产。与常规超级稻育种相比,超级杂交粳稻育种研究进展相对较缓慢。这一方面是由于北方气候与生态条件的限制,另一方面是育种技术研究相对落后。解决优势与生育期的矛盾、产量与品质的矛盾以及提高制种产量等问题,仍然是北方超级杂交粳稻育种所面临的严峻挑战。讨论了与超级粳稻育种有关的生理和遗传问题。

Advances and Prospects of Breeding Japonica Rice for Super High Yield in Northern China

Advances and prospects in breeding japonica rice for super high yield were analyzed comprehensively in term of basic theory,breeding techniques and development of new varieties.The authors hold that an important way to in- crease yield potential of japonica rice in northern China is to develop and apply the super rice.New conventional vari- eties with super high yield,good quality and disease resistance have been developed and released since the theories and methods for breeding japonica super rice were established successfully,that is,to create new plant type and strong growth vigor through crossing between indica and japonica subspecies,to optimize the combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing and-backcrossing,to pyramid the favorable genes for the combination of ideal plant type and vigor uti- lization.In contrast with conventional breeding for super rice,advances in breeding for hybrid japonica super rice are slower because of the limit of the northern climates and ecological conditions.The resolution of the contradiction between heterosis and growth period,grain yield and quality, problem of seed production are still important challenge for breeding hybrid japonica super rice.Physiological and genetic problems relevant to japonica super rice breeding were also dis- cussed in this paper.