不同产量类型小麦品种的干物质和氮素积累转运特征

为筛选氮高效且高产的小麦品种,于2016-2017年综合运用籽粒产量和氮素收获指数2项指标将河南省38个主推小麦品种划分为4种类型(高产高效型、高产低效型、低产高效型和低产低效型),分析比较不同类型小麦品种的产量构成因子、干物质积累和氮素的吸收转运特征。结果表明,高产水平下,氮高效品种的单位面积穗数显著高于氮低效品种,穗粒数都显著低于氮低效品种;低产水平下,氮高效品种的单位面积穗数和穗粒数与氮低效品种的差异均未达到显著水平。高产小麦品种花前干物质积累速率较低产(效)小麦高24.8%,花后干物质的转移量和转运效率最大,分别是低产低效型小麦的2.1倍和1.6倍。高产水平下,氮高效品种的干物质转移量较氮低效品种增加16.2%,但在干物质转移效率上与不同氮效率品种差异不显著;低产水平下,氮高效品种的氮素转移效率是氮低效品种的1.1倍。高产型小麦品种的氮素积累量显著高于低产型小麦品种,小麦花后氮素积累速率最高,在该时期,同等产量水平下,HYHE型小麦氮素积累量速率较HYLE型高28.8%,LYHE型小麦的氮素积累速率较LYLE型高66.0%,且花后氮素积累速率与氮素收获指数呈显著正相关。较高的花前干物质转移量和氮素积累量是小麦高产的基础,相同产量水平下,氮高效小麦品种的干物质转移量和氮素积累速率显著高于氮低效品种。

The Transport Characteristics of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation in Different Wheat Cultivars

In order to screen the high nitrogen(N) efficiency and high-yielding wheat cultivars, and provide wheat varieties with different N efficiency for nitrogen management advice, 38 wheat varieties, mainly cultivated in Henan province, were divided into four types(high yield and high N efficiency(HYHN), high yield and low N efficiency(HYLN), low yield and high N efficiency(LYHN), and low yield and low N efficiency(LYLN)) on the basis of the grain yield and nitrogen harvest index. We analyzed and compared the yield components, the dry matter and nitrogen absorption and transport characteristics of different types of wheat. Results showed that at the high-yielding level, panicle number per unit area of high N efficiency wheat was increased by 8.6%, compared with that of the low N efficiency wheat cultivars; at the low-yielding level, compared with low N efficiency wheat, the panicle number per unit area of high N efficiency wheat was just increased by 4.2%. At pre-anthesis stage, the dry matter accumulation rate of the high-yielding wheat was increased by 24.8% , compared with that of low-yielding wheat among the low N efficiency wheat varieties, and its accumulation rate and translocation efficiency of dry matter after flowering were 2.1 times and 1.6 times higher than that of low-yielding and low N efficiency, respectively. At high-yielding level, in comparison with the low N efficiency wheat, the dry matter translocation amount of high N efficiency wheat was increased by 16.2%. However, no significant difference of dry matter transfer efficiency was observed. At low-yielding level, the N translocation efficiency of the high N efficiency wheat was 1.1 times higher than that of the low N efficiency cultivar. The N accumulation of high-yielding group was significantly higher than that of the low-yielding wheat, and the highest rate of N accumulation was occurred. During grain filling period, at the same yielding level, in comparison with HYLE, N accumulation rate of HYHE was enhanced by 28.8%; LYHE was 66.0% higher than that of LYLE. Furthermore, N accumulation rate was significantly positively related to N harvest index at grain filling stage. High wheat yield was dependent on the higher dry matter translocation amount and N accumulation rate before flowering. Besides, the dry matter translocation amount and N accumulation rate of the high N efficiency wheat were significantly higher than that of the low N efficiency cultivar.