Effects of water regime,nitrogen fertilization,and rice plant density on growth and reproduction of lowland weed Echinochloa crus-galli |
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| Institution: | 1. Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;2. Crop Production Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753 006, India;3. NBPGR Base Centre, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753 006, India;1. State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, Shaanxi, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China;1. University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Westville, 4000, South Africa;2. Mangosuthu University of Technology, Department of Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs, 4026, South Africa;1. IRRI, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines;2. CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France;3. Syngenta Phils. Inc., Conel Road, Purok Niere, Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City, Philippines;1. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan;2. Laboratoire des Radio-Isotopes, Universite’ d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar |
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| Abstract: | Direct-seeded rice systems are increasing in Asia as farmers respond to the high labor cost and shortage of water. Echinochloa crus-galli is one of the most problematic and competitive weeds in direct-seeded rice systems. Because of concerns about excessive herbicide use, there is an interest in developing cultural weed management strategies. However, the design of such strategies requires a better understanding of the weed response to crop density, nutrition, and water regime. A study was therefore conducted in pots to determine the effect of water (flooded and aerobic), nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha?1), and rice density 0, 4 rice plants (≈20 kg seed ha?1), and 16 rice plants (≈80 kg seed ha?1)] on the growth and reproduction of E. crus-galli. When grown alone, the growth and seed production of E. crus-galli were higher in flooded conditions than in aerobic conditions. However, no such differences were observed when E. crus-galli was grown with rice interference. E. crus-galli growth and seed production increased with increases in N rate. Irrespective of water regime and N rate, the growth and seed production of E. crus-galli declined with increases in rice density. At 100 kg N ha?1, for example, E. crus-galli shoot biomass and seed production decreased by 84–86% and 82–87%, respectively, when grown with 16 rice plants compared with its growth without rice interference. The results suggest that growth and seed production of E. crus-galli can be greatly reduced by increasing rice seeding rate. However, there is a need to involve other weed management strategies to achieve complete control of E. crus-galli and other weed species. |
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| Keywords: | Aerobic rice system Crop interference Leaf area Weed competition Weed management |
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