减量配施腐植酸肥对连作马铃薯及土壤的影响

当前马铃薯生产中,农民过量及盲目施肥现象严重,造成生产成本增加、土壤理化性状恶化、环境污染加剧等问题,为解决这类问题,确定合理减量施肥量,有效指导马铃薯科学种植,特开展试验。选用常用复合肥、腐植酸复合肥及腐植酸控释氮肥3种不同类型肥料为基肥,每种肥料分别设置常量施肥和减量30%施肥两个处理,共6个处理。通过测定马铃薯产量、商品薯率、土壤理化性质指标,确定减量配施腐植酸肥对马铃薯产量及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯连作区,3种肥料减施30%后,马铃薯产量均较其常量施肥处理有所提高,其中以腐植酸复合肥减量处理及腐植酸控释氮肥减量处理效果最好,减施期2~3年效果较佳。同时,腐植酸复合肥和腐植酸控释肥的处理较常用复合肥处理增产效果显著,增产率达3.52%~13.27%;土壤理化性质方面,肥料减量30%及添加腐植酸成分后,土壤EC值显著下降,添加腐植酸施肥处理的土壤全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量明显升高,从土壤理化性质层面进一步解释了马铃薯增产的原因。综合评价认为:在马铃薯生产中,可根据当地土壤情况适当降低化肥用量,推荐减量施肥30%左右,减施2~3年,可使用腐植酸类肥料替代普通化肥。

Effects of Reducing Fertilizer Application Rate Combined with Humic Acid Fertilizer on Continuous Cropping Potato and Its Soil

In the current potato production,farmers'excessive and blind fertilization phenomenon is serious,resulting in increased production costs,deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties,environmental pollution and other problems.This experiment was carried out in order to solve these problems,determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer reduction,and effectively guide the scientific planting of potato.Three kinds of fertilizers were chosen,including compound fertilizer,humic acid compound fertilizer and humic acid controlled-release fertilizer,and two treatments were set up for each kind of fertilizer,regular fertilization and 30%reduction,respectively,resulting in six treatments in total.The effects of reduced fertilization on potato yield and soil fertility were determined by measuring potato yield,marketable potato percentage,and soil physical and chemical properties.After 30%reduction of fertilizer,potato yield on a continuous cropping land was improved compared with regular fertilization rate,with humic acid compound fertilizer and humic acid controlled-release fertilizer reduction performing better.Meanwhile,humic acid compound fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer also had significant effect on yield,which could be increased by 3.52%-13.27%compared with the regular compound fertilizer.After 30%reduction of fertilization,the EC value of soil was decreased significantly,while the contents of total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in the treatment of humic acid fertilization increased,which further explains the reason of potato yield increase from the aspect of soil physical and chemical properties.The comprehensive evaluation showed that the amount of chemical fertilizer could be appropriately reduced,according to the local soil conditions.It is recommended to reduce the fertilizer application rate by about 30%for 2-3 years.Humic acid fertilizer could replace some regular chemical fertilizers.