CRISPR/Cas9系统在植物育种中的应用

人工核酸酶系统是在特定的基因组位点,进行切割进而利用生物内源的修复系统对目标基因进行编辑,创造新基因型的基因编辑技术。CRISPR/Cas9系统是原核生物抵御噬菌体侵染的天然适应性免疫系统。经过优化的CRISPR/Cas9编辑系统凭借操作简单,突变效率高,成本低等特点优越于其他核酸酶系统,比如锌指核酸酶系统和TALE核酸酶系统。目前,优化改造后的CRISPR/Cas9编辑系统已经在植物功能基因研究和新材料创制中得到了广泛地应用。本研究简述了CRISPR/Cas9编辑系统的结构和作用机理,归纳并论述了CRISPR/Cas9系统在植物中的编辑效率与脱靶效应和在改良作物农艺性状中的应用。最后,总结了CRISPR/Cas9系统在功能基因组学研究中应用扩展,以及展望了该系统在作物育种中的发展前景及应用价值,期望为高效利用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行新材料创制、作物品种改良提供参考。 

Application Progress of CRISPR/Cas9 in Plant Breeding

Artificial nuclease syst ems are powerful tools for gene  editing  and  allow  to  create  new  alleles  by  digesting the target loci that introducing  the  locus -specific  strand  breaks  and  being  addressed  by  endogenous repair pathways. CRISPR/Cas9 system is a natural adaptive immune system for resisting phage  infection  in  prokaryotes. The advanced CRISPR/Cas9 editing system is superior to other nuclease systems such as zinc finger nuclease system and TALE nuclease systemby virtue of the characteristics of simple operation, high efficiency, low  cost. At present, the optimized CRISPR/Cas9 editing system has been widely used to identify the function of plant    gene and create new plant materials. In this paper, we reviewed  the  structure  and  mechanism  of  CRISPR/Cas9 editing system, the editing efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system in plant and its  application  in  improving  crop  resistance and yield. Finally, the development and application  prospects  of  CRISPR/Cas9  system  in  the  innovation of herbicide -resistant -related germplasms were discussed. It is expected  that  the  CRISPR/Cas9  system  could  provide a reference for the creating of new materials and the improvement of crop agronomic traits.