黄土高原成龄富士苹果园土壤养分含量标准值研究

2012—2013年,对黄土高原12个主产县区108个典型富士果园养分状况调查分析。结果表明:果园土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为11.9、0.63、1.12和13.7 g·kg~(-1),有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效锌和有效铁含量分别为77.7、26.9、259.7、4 681、121.3、1.24和7.89mg·kg~(-1)。制定了黄土高原成龄富士苹果园土壤养分含量标准值。土壤养分状况特征为:有机质偏低,全氮、全磷和全钾等全素养分相对适宜,但有效养分偏低;全素养分含量变异较小,有效养分含量变异较大;大量元素变异较小,微量元素变异较大;地域和深度分布不均衡问题较为突出。不同产区间,延安和洛川土壤养分水平较低,分别有9个和5个养分因子处于低值和缺乏水平;而河南陕县养分水平较佳,各养分因子均处于适宜值以上水平。今后果园土壤管理的重点是,因地制宜着力提高土壤有机质和有效养分的含量,并注意适度深施肥,提高20~60 cm土层的有效养分含量。

Studies of the Standard Range of the Soil Nutrients in Apple Orchard in Loess Plateau

During the year 2012 and 2013，the nutrients of 108 typical Fuji orchards at 12 main producing areas in Loess Plateau were investigated and analysised. The results showed that the average soil organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，total potassium，available nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，available calcium，phosphorus magnesium，available zinc and available iron is 11.9 g · kg-1，0.63 g · kg-1，1.12 g · kg-1，13.7 g · kg-1，77.7 mg · kg-1，26.9 mg · kg-1，259.7 mg · kg-1，4 681 mg · kg-1，121.3 mg · kg-1，1.24 mg · kg-1 and 7.89 mg · kg-1，respectively. Proposed the standard range of soil nutrients in apple orchard in Loess Plateau. The characteristics of soil nutrients were that the organic matter was insufficient，total nitrogen，total phosphorus and total potassium contentwere relative abundance，while the available nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium were insufficient；total nutrient content varied small，while Available nutrient content indicted great variation；similarly，macronutrient content showed a smaller variation while miro nutrient content performed adverse result. The problem of nutrient distribution imbalance in different areas and depth was serious. The content of soil nutrient existed significant differences among different producing areas. In Yan’an and Luochuan County，there were 9 and 5 nutrient factors in insufficient level，respectively；while it was preferable in Shaanxian of Henan Province. The results suggest that the soil management practices should be focused on improving soil organic matter and available nutrient content according to the local conditions，also moderately deep fertilization is needed，and the available soil nutrients at the depth of 20 to 60 cm should be increased.