Psychological benefits of green exercise in wild or urban greenspaces: A meta-analysis of controlled trials |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China;2. Department of Basketball and Volleyball, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China;3. National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore;4. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro Universitet, 70182, Örebro, Sweden;5. Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Department of Environmental Studies, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States;2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Burlington, VT, United States;1. Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 4 Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya, 190005, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;2. Department of Sociology, The European University at Saint-Petersburg, 6/1A Gagarinskaya st., 191187, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation;3. Laboratory of Urban Sociology, Faculty of Urban and Regional Development, HSE University, 13 Myasnitskaya ulitsa, Moscow, Russian Federation;4. Research Laboratory for Multi-Sensory Experience in Urban Environment, Faculty of Urban and Regional Development, HSE University, 13 Myasnitskaya ulitsa, Moscow, Russian Federation;5. Vysokovsky Graduate School of Urbanism, Faculty of Urban and Regional Development, HSE University, 13 Myasnitskaya ulitsa, Moscow, Russian Federation;6. Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, 3 Krivokolenny Pereulok, Moscow, Russian Federation;1. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;2. Victoria University, Institute for Health and Sport, Melbourne, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Green exercise, the combination of exercise and nature exposure, is known to benefit physical and mental health. However, there is a lack of quantitative evidence to support the psychological advantage of green exercise over non-green exercise. Also, it is unclear if there are psychological differences between green exercise in wild environments and urban greenspaces. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search for outcomes concerning measures including the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Semantic Differential Method (SDM), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS). Nineteen studies with 1662 participants were included in a meta-analysis to examine the advantages of green exercise and compare them in the two types of natural environments. The results indicate that green exercise may lower negative affect, including anxiety, tension, anger, depression, and fatigue. Meanwhile, green exercise may lead to higher positive moods and emotions, including vigor, comfort, natural feeling, and relaxation. Nevertheless, the effect on overall positive affect was not statistically significant. The comparative results suggest that wild environments may be more effective than urban greenspaces in improving vigor and comfort during green exercise. In conclusion, our findings support the advantages of green exercise over non-green exercise, meanwhile implying potential psychological differences between exercises in wild environments and urban greenspaces. Due to the limited number of studies and high heterogeneities, a future review is warranted to re-examine the psychological benefits. |
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| Keywords: | Green exercise Wild Urban greenspace Psychological measures Meta-analysis |
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