Willingness to travel to avoid recreation conflicts in Danish forests |
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| Authors: | Fatemeh Bakhtiari Jette Bredahl Jacobsen Frank Søndergaard Jensen |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Food and Resource Economics & Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;2. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;1. Department of Forest Protection and Entomology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;2. Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 156 04 Prague 5 – Zbraslav, Czech Republic;1. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;2. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA;3. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA;1. Department of Science, Technology and Society/Public Policy, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1313 Eastman, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States;2. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13215, United States;3. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Life Science Plant and Soil, Room 215, United States |
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| Abstract: | Conflicts among forest visitors have direct effects on the quality of a recreational experience. As the number of visitors to forests close to residential areas increases, as well as the number of different activities, so does the potential for perceived conflicts. According to the literature, expanding knowledge of conflict characteristics and their causes is important for recreation planners and managers who aim to reduce conflicts.In the present study, different forest user groups were identified and categorised according to their pursued activities, and for each group, causes of conflict were identified. Furthermore, a choice experiment was constructed to estimate the distance visitors are willing to travel to encounter few visitors as opposed to many visitors, and thereby potentially experience fewer conflicts. Comparing the marginal willingness to travel (WTT) of different user groups suggests that some groups have a WTT further than the average to reach a forest with ‘Few’ visitors. The average WTT to reach a forest area with ‘Few’ visitors. ‘Mountain bikers,’ ‘Peace and nature lovers’ and ‘Horse riders’ are willing to travel 4 km more than the average per visit to reach a less crowded forest. At the other end of the scale, we find that people who are doing physical exercise are willing to travel 2 km less than the average to reach a less crowded forest. |
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| Keywords: | Crowding Forest users (Perceived) conflicts Recreation conflicts Willingness to travel |
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