政策效益视角下我国流域生态补偿机制完善问题探析

作为平衡流域经济社会发展利益相关者生态利益与经济利益的政策工具，流域生态补偿机制在实践过程中有效缓解了流域生态保护者与受益者之间的利益冲突，促进了生态保护与经济协同发展。文中通过案例分析与归纳，梳理近10年来新安江、汀江、长江等典型流域生态补偿政策实施的综合效益；结合“十四五”乃至更长一段时间流域绿色高质量发展需求，指出中国流域生态补偿政策实践具有较好的政策综合效益，其中改善与提升流域生态环境最为显著，但也存在水质改善即将面临天花板、政策对经济发展产生的正向影响有限、上下游未建立起共建与共享机制等问题；提出完善流域生态补偿机制的建议，包括建立政府主导下的多元合作共治机制、多元平衡保护者与受益者利益的途径、科学精准的流域生态补偿技术体系、高效闭环的生态补偿政策调整优化机制和公众有效参与机制。

Improvement of Watershed Ecological Compensation in China from the Perspective of Policy Effectiveness

As a policy instrument used to achieve the trade-offs between the ecological interests and economic interests of stakeholders in watershed socioeconomic development, watershed ecological compensation has effectively alleviated the conflicts of interest between eco-environment protectors and beneficiaries and promoted the synergy of ecological protection and economic development. The paper analyzes the comprehensive benefits of the watershed ecological compensation policy since its implementation 10 years ago in typical Xin’an River basin, Ting River basin and the Yangtze River basin. In view of the requirements for green and high-quality development of river basins during the “14th Five Year Plan” and even longer period, it is pointed out that China’s watershed ecological compensation policy has achieved good comprehensive benefits in practices, among which watershed ecological environment improvement is the most significant, but it is also challenged by some problems such as the imminent ceiling for water quality improvement, the limited positive impact of policies on economic development, and the failure to establish sharing mechanism between upstream and downstream. It is suggested that the watershed ecological compensation mechanism could be improved by establishing government-led multi-stakeholders cooperation and co-governance mechanism, multiple paths for balancing the interests between protectors and beneficiaries, science-based and precise technical system of watershed ecological compensation, efficient closed-loop mechanism of policy adjustment and optimization, and efficient public participation mechanism.