中国竹林可持续经营认证的必要性和可行性研究

通过文献研究、野外调查和专家研讨和咨询等研究方法,从中国竹林经营现状和世界森林可持续经营认证(简称森林认证)发展趋势入手,对中国开展竹林可持续经营认证的必要性和可行性进行了研究。结果表明,竹林快速生长和更新特性使竹林具有一定的可持续经营性,同时,中国现有的竹林经营技术实践在一定程度上满足了可持续经营的要求。但是,中国有较大面积的人工经营天然次生竹林,长期高强度集约经营对整个竹林生态系统的复杂性和完整性也造成了很大影响,由此引发了很多集约经营的生产性竹林水土流失、地力下降、生物多样性丧失、严重病虫害频发等生态问题,威胁着竹林可持续经营。根据我们的研究,按照目前森林认证发展趋势,竹林可持续经营认证作为促进竹林可持续经营的市场激励手段之一,是值得研究和尝试的。在中国开展绩效性的竹林可持续经营认证,不但有利于中国竹产品在国际贸易中克服绿色贸易壁垒,保持竞争优势,也有利于引导和促进中国竹林的可持续经营实践。总体上竹林认证是必要的。但在可行性方面面临一些问题和挑战。鉴于竹林本身的生物学和生态学特性、竹林经营的技术特点、竹林产品为非木质林产品的特殊性以及我国较为普遍的分户经营特点,可开展小范围试点研究,解决如何开展中小农户的联合认证问题和认证成本过高的问题,同时确保中小农户的利益和竹产品的公平贸易,为进一步的推广行动提供技术支持。在研究和推进竹林可持续经营认证的过程中,要充分考虑与中国现有竹林经营的行业标准和经营实践相衔接和适应。除了要充分利用国内外现有森林认证的理论、技术和经验,还必须充分与竹产业的生产、教学和研究人员进行磋商,充分利用现有竹业经营和开发的经验和技术。以期通过可持续经营认证,保护中国竹产品的国际贸易竞争力,同时积极引导和促进中国竹林可持续经营实践的发展和行业标准的制定。

The Study of the Necessity and Feasibility of Certification for Sustainable Bamboo Forest Management in China

This research focuses on a multidisciplinary approach to ascertain the necessity and feasibility of bamboo forest certification for China.Contemporary bamboo forest management practices in China were examined through extensive field visits,and market research,expert consultation and literature reviews were conducted to assess the global trends of forest certification.The results indicate that within China,high intensity management practices exist within natural secondary bamboo forests.The trend to convert mixed forests to pure bamboo monoculture stands is most prevalent in Southern China.The practices include fertilization and soil reclaiming.Although bamboo has a high self-renewable and can be managed by a selective cutting regime based on culm age,involving low soil disturbance,high intensity practices severely affect the complexity of biodiversity in the ecosystem.Loss of complexity and completeness within the ecosystem results in water and soil erosion,a decrease in soil fertility,biodiversity loss,and susceptibility to severe pest and plant disease attack,which hinders the sustainable management of bamboo forests.According to our findings,considering both the global trends of certification development with the fieldwork findings,it is necessary to consider the market instruments can play in promoting sustainable bamboo management.Bamboo certification is necessary,however feasibility is more difficult to ascertain.Bamboo certification could lead to many benefits through sustainable management,however many challenges remain.It is worthwhile conducting pilot sites for bamboo certification to address these challenges and further assess the feasibility of bamboo certification.The characteristics of bamboo,the products and management systems;the intrinsic biological and ecological requirements of the bamboo species,bamboo forest technology,and bamboo as a Non-Timber Forest Product(NTFP) must all be considered.The pilot study can be used to assess the enabling environment and raise awareness of the issues.Challenges resulting from the high cost of certification,and group certification need to be addressed,whilst securing benefits for the marginalized farmers and fair trade mechanisms.In the process of bamboo certification development in China,the synergy between newly-developed standards for sustainable management certification and the existing bamboo forest regulations endorsed and adopted government agencies must be considered;bamboo researchers and management implementers must be involved and consulted for their expertise in bamboo management.