Bioindication and modelling of atmospheric deposition in forests enable exposure and effect monitoring at high spatial density across scales |
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| Authors: | Winfried Schröder Stefan Nickel Simon Schönrock Roman Schmalfuß Werner Wosniok Michaela Meyer Harry Harmens Marina V Frontasyeva Renate Alber Julia Aleksiayenak Lambe Barandovski Oleg Blum Alejo Carballeira Maria Dam Helena Danielsson Ludwig De Temmermann Anatoly M Dunaev Barbara Godzik Katrin Hoydal Zvonka Jeran Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Pranvera Lazo Sebastien Leblond Jussi Lindroos Siiri Liiv Sigurður H Magnússon Blanka Mankovska Encarnación Núñez-Olivera Juha Piispanen Jarmo Poikolainen Ion V Popescu Flora Qarri Jesus Miguel Santamaria Mitja Skudnik Zdravko ?piri? Trajce Stafilov Eiliv Steinnes Claudia Stihi Ivan Suchara Lotti Thöni Hilde Thelle Uggerud Harald G Zechmeister |
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| Institution: | 1.Chair of Landscape Ecology,University of Vechta,Vechta,Germany;2.Institute for Statistics,University of Bremen,Bremen,Germany;3.ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales,Bangor,UK;4.Moss Survey Coordination Centre, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,Moscow,Russia;5.Environmental Agency of Bolzano,Laives,Italy;6.International Sakharov Environmental University,Minsk,Belarus;7.Ss. Cyril and Methodius University,Skopje,Macedonia;8.National Botanical Garden,Academy of Science of Ukraine,Kiev,Ukraine;9.Ecologia Facultad De Biologia,University of Santiago de Compostela,Santiago de Compostela,Spain;10.Environment Agency,Argir,Faroe Islands;11.IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute,G?teborg,Sweden;12.Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre CODA-CERVA,Tervuren,Belgium;13.Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology,Ivanovo,Russia;14.W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences,Kraków,Poland;15.Jo?ef Stefan Institute,Ljubljana,Slovenia;16.University of Tirana,Tirana,Albania;17.National Museum of Natural History,Paris,France;18.Natural Resources Institute,Helsinki,Finland;19.Tallinn Botanic Garden,Tallinn,Estonia;20.Icelandic Institute of Natural History,Gareab?r,Iceland;21.Institute of Landscape Ecology,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Bratislava,Slovakia;22.Universidad de La Rioja,Logro?o,Spain;23.Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke),Oulou,Finland;24.Valahia University of Targoviste,Targoviste,Romania;25.University of Vlora,Vlor?,Albania;26.University of Navarra,Navarra,Spain;27.Slovenian Forestry Institute,Ljubljana,Slovenia;28.Green Infrastructure Ltd,Zagreb,Croatia;29.Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Trondheim,Norway;30.Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening,Pr?honice,Czech Republic;31.FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring,Rapperswil,Switzerland;32.Norwegian Institute for Air Research,Kjeller,Norway;33.University of Vienna,Wien,Austria |
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| Abstract: | Key message Moss surveys provide spatially dense data on environmental concentrations of heavy metals and nitrogen which, together with other biomonitoring and modelling data, can be used for indicating deposition to terrestrial ecosystems and related effects across time and areas of different spatial extension. Context For enhancing the spatial resolution of measuring and mapping atmospheric deposition by technical devices and by modelling, moss is used complementarily as bio-monitor. Aims This paper investigated whether nitrogen and heavy metal concentrations derived by biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition are statistically meaningful in terms of compliance with minimum sample size across several spatial levels (objective 1), whether this is also true in terms of geostatistical criteria such as spatial auto-correlation and, by this, estimated values for unsampled locations (objective 2) and whether moss indicates atmospheric deposition in a similar way as modelled deposition, tree foliage and natural surface soil at the European and country level, and whether they indicate site-specific variance due to canopy drip (objective 3). Methods Data from modelling and biomonitoring atmospheric deposition were statistically analysed by means of minimum sample size calculation, by geostatistics as well as by bivariate correlation analyses and by multivariate correlation analyses using the Classification and Regression Tree approach and the Random Forests method. Results It was found that the compliance of measurements with the minimum sample size varies by spatial scale and element measured. For unsampled locations, estimation could be derived. Statistically significant correlations between concentrations of heavy metals and nitrogen in moss and modelled atmospheric deposition, and concentrations in leaves, needles and soil were found. Significant influence of canopy drip on nitrogen concentration in moss was proven. Conclusion Moss surveys should complement modelled atmospheric deposition data as well as other biomonitoring approaches and offer a great potential for various terrestrial monitoring programmes dealing with exposure and effects. |
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