太行山片麻岩区4种立地类型物种多样性及植被恢复技术研究

以太行山片麻岩山区天然植被退化形成的荒草坡、基岩裸露的灌草坡及人工爆破整地形成的隔坡梯田台面和覆土梯田坡面4种立地类型为研究对象,通过植生袋、鱼鳞坑、营养钵、撒播等造林技术,在4种立地类型上进行乔灌草人工植被恢复技术试验示范,研究了不同立地类型的物种多样性变化。物种多样性调查结果表明:在灌木层中,荆条是天然退化山地的绝对优势种,多花胡枝子和荆条是人工整地梯田坡面的优势种,其他物种主要有酸枣、臭椿,灌木层生态优势度指数、物种多样性指数及均匀度指数由大到小顺序均为梯田坡面、梯田台面、荒草坡、灌草坡;草本层主要物种有中华隐子草、狗尾草、早熟禾、碱蓬、地梢瓜等,物种多样性指数由大到小依次为梯田台面、灌草坡、荒草坡、梯田坡面,而均匀度指数略有不同,其由大到小依次为梯田台面、荒草坡、灌草坡、梯田坡面,物种丰富度指数由大到小依次为灌草坡、梯田坡面、梯田台面、荒草坡,草本层物种丰富度明显高于灌木层,鲜有低矮乔木。不同造林技术试验结果表明:简易植生袋坡面恢复技术措施在基岩裸露的陡坡上实施1a后,萌发生长的紫花地丁和二月兰的保存率低,恢复状况差,植生袋破损严重,坡面稳定性差,难以实现恢复效果;灌草坡鱼鳞坑造林技术实施1a后,金叶榆、侧柏、黄栌、榆叶梅和樱花的存活率分别为99%、99%、85%、67%和48%,其中金叶榆、侧柏和黄栌的生长状况明显优于榆叶梅和樱花;荒草坡面撒播植被恢复技术实施1a后,紫苜蓿存活状况较好,紫花地丁和二月兰存活状况差,二月兰几乎无一存活;梯田坡面营养钵造林技术实施1a后,沙地柏成活率不足5%;梯田台面客土经济林营造技术实施结果表明:山桃、山杏、苹果、核桃都可以在片麻岩梯田台面上较好生长,经过合理的培育管理,能够取得可观的经济效益。

Research on species diversity and vegetation restoration technology on four site types in Taihang gneiss area

This study took four site types as research materials ,which were the weeds slope formed by degeneration of natural vegetation ,shrub‐grass slope with exposed bedrock ,ter‐race mesa and terrace slope with covering soil formed by burst soil preparation ,and the changes of species diversity in different site types were researched .By adopting the afforest‐ation technologies of vegetative bag ,fish‐scale pit ,nutrition bowl ,broadcast sowing etc ., we demonstrated the usage of artificial arbor ,shrub ,and grass restoration technology on the four site types .The investigation results on species diversity showed that :in shrub layer , Vitex negundo var .heterophylla is the absolute dominant species in the natural degradation mountainous region ;Lespedeza f loribunda and Vitex negundo var .heterophylla are domi‐nant species on the artificial terrace slope ,and other shrubs mainly include Ziziphus jujuba var .spinosa and A ilanthus altissima .The ecological dominance index ,diversity index and evenness index of the shrub layer in a descending order was terrace slope ,terrace mesa , weeds slope ,and shrub‐grass slope .The main species in the herb layer were Cleistogenes chinensis ,Setaria viridis ,Poa annua ,Suaeda glauca ,and Cynanchum thesioides etc .The order of species diversity index of the herbs in the four site types in a descending order was terrace mesa ,shrub‐grass slope ,weeds slope ,and terrace slope .Evenness index is slightly different ,and the descending order was terrace mesa ,weeds slope ,shrub‐grass slope ,and terrace slope .The species richness index in a descending order was shrub‐grass slope ,ter‐race slope ,terrace mesa ,and weeds slope .Species richness of the herb layer was significantly higher than that of the shrub layer ,but has few low arbors .The results of different afforest‐ation technology showed that :one year after the recovery technique of simple vegetation bag slope used on exposed bedrock slope had been carried out ,Viola philippica and Orycho‐phragmus violaceus that germinated and grew in vegetation bag had a low survival rate ,and the recovery was relatively poor .The vegetative bags were seriously damaged by weathe‐ring ,and the stability of the slope was poor ,so it was difficult to achieve the recovery effect .One year after the fish‐scale pit afforestation technology on shrub‐grass slope had been carried out , the survival rates of Ulmus p umila cv . Jinye , Platycladus orientalis , Cotinus coggygria ,Amygdalus triloba ,and Cerasus serrulata were 99% ,99% ,85% ,67%and 48% ,respectively .The growths of Ulmus pumila cv .Jinye , Platycladus orientalis , and Cotinus coggygria were obviously better than Amygdalus triloba and Cerasus serrulata . One year after the restoration technology of broadcast sowing vegetation on weeds slope had been carried out ,the survival situation of Medicago sativa was better ;Viola philippica and Orychophragmus violaceus were in poor growth , and all of Orychophragmus violaceus plants were almost dead .One year after the nutrition bowl afforestation technology on ter‐race slope had been carried out ,the survival rate of Sabina vulgaris was less than 5% .The results of performing the economic forest construction on terraces mesa with exotic soil tech‐nology showed that :Amygdalus davidiana ,A rmeniaca sibirica ,Malus pumila ,and Jug‐lans regia could grew well on the terraces mesa of local gneiss ,which could gain considerable economic value via reasonable cultivation management .