德国巴伐利亚州近自然森林经营成效研究

近自然森林经营发源于德国巴伐利亚州,是当今国际公认的一种先进的森林经营方法。以德国巴伐利亚州4次森林资源连续清查成果为依据,从森林结构、枯木状况、森林近自然度、森林蓄积量4个方面对近自然森林经营成效进行分析评价。结果表明,1971—2012年的41年间,巴伐利亚州阔叶树种占比由22%提高到35.7%,针阔混交林和阔叶混交林已占乔木林面积的64.1%,复层林已占乔木林面积的77.4%,森林年龄结构基本实现了均衡分布;林内枯木数量达22 m³/hm²,为野生动物提供了栖息场所和营养来源;自然林和近自然林已占乔木林面积的42.6%,比德国全境高6.8个百分点;单位面积森林蓄积量396 m3/hm2,在全球处于领先地位。建议我国在营造林工程项目中加大近自然森林经营的推广应用力度,建好示范样板,并进一步探索近自然森林经营的技术和方法。

Effectiveness of Close-to-Nature Forest Management in Bavaria of Germany

Close-to-Nature(CTN)forest management which was originated in Bavaria of Germany is an internationally recognized advanced forest management method.This paper analyzed and evaluated the impact of CTN forest management from four aspects of forest structure,deadwood condition,forest naturalness and forest stock volume based on the results of four consecutive forest resources inventory in Bavaria.The results showed that during the 41 years from 1971 to 2012,the proportion of broad-leaved tree species in Bavaria had increased from 22%to 35.7%,the area of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and the broad-leaved mixed forest had accounted for 64.1%of arbor forest,the area of the multi-layered forest had accounted for 77.4%,and the age structure of the forests had generally reached a balanced state.The volume of dead wood reached 22 m³/hm²,which provided habitats and nutrition resources for wild animals.The area of natural and close-to-nature forests had reached 42.6%,which was 6.8 percent higher than the figure in Germany.The unit stock volume was 396 m3/hm2,which ranked highly in the worldwide.This paper suggested that the promotion and application of CTN forest management should be strengthened in afforestation projects in China,and the techniques and methods should be further explored,so as to build a good demonstration model.