中国国家级自然保护区面临的主要威胁探析

目前我国已建立474个国家级自然保护区,总面积占我国陆地面积的10.13%,在我国大陆31个省、直辖市、自治区都有分布。在全国的分布特点为数量“东多西少”,面积“西大东小”。从人均和占省域土地面积比例来看,西藏自治区以 11080 m2/人和33.105%为全国各省域最高。以祁连山等16个典型的国家级自然保护区为例通过分析发现,当前存在的突出问题包括非法开采各类资源,周边企业污染和侵占保护区土地,违法建设各类设施与建筑,其他活动破坏自然保护区生态环境,监管不足,整改不力。分析导致这些问题的根源是“经济”原因,认为解决问题的关键还是要健全监督、管理体系,藉此提出健全法律法规,丰富监督手段,建立区长制等对策、措施。

Main Threats to National Nature Reserves in China

At present,474 national nature reserves have been established in China,accounting for 10.13%of China′s land area.The distribution of national nature reserves in the whole country is characterized by the quantity of“more in the east and less in the west”and the area of“larger in the west and smaller in the east”.In terms of per capita and proportion of land area in 31 provinces,the highest is 11080 m2/person and 33.105%in Tibet Autonomous Region.The in-depth analysis for 16 typical national nature reserves such as Qilian Mountain found that the prominent problems of nature reserves included illegal exploitation of various resources,pollution and encroachment of land in protected areas by surrounding enterprises,illegal construction of various facilities and buildings,destruction of ecological environment by other activities,insufficient supervision and inadequate rectification.This paper analyzed that the root cause of these problems was the“economy”,and the key to solve the problems was to improve the supervision and management system.At the same time,some countermeasures were put forward such as improving laws and regulations,enriching the means of supervision,and establishing the district chief system.